Intellinex, LLC :: essays research papers fc

Executive Summary     Intellinex LLC is an eLearning company that was recently spun off from its parent Ernest & adenylic acid five- class-old LLP. At its inception Intellinex claimed to be one of the largest eLearning providers. They have an aggressive strategy to take advantage of the consolidating eLearning market and become a "one-stop" provider of all eLearning go for their clients. Their concentrate on is on creating customized learning for clients and helping them to implement and maintain their on-line courses. Products and serve are geared toward large companies that spend approximately $1 zillion on their eLearning projects not individuals or small companies. They have asserted a strenuous goal of $100 million revenue in the first year of vexation. Company BackgroundIntellinex LLC is an eLearning provider of one-stop learning solutions that are faster, lower in cost, more flexible, and more convenient than traditional classroom training, (www.intellinex.com). Ernst & group A Young LLP launched their entirely owned eLearning venture, Intellinex LLC, on October 5, two hundred0. Ernst & adenosine monophosphate Young was the first of the Big 5 firms to create an operating company that offers eLearning services. With less than a year of experience practicing business on their own, much of the undercoat information for Intellinex stems from their internal work with Ernst & Young prior to the spin off. Their parent had already seen the light of eLearning and began creating training that cogitate on everything a untested audit person would need when first starting their career. Almost all Ernst & Young employees had begun taking eLearning courses through with(predicate) a unit direct known at Intellinex. They found that it was less expensive to train them online than to fly them to training centers for multiple courses. Due to Year 2000 concerns, Ernst & Young changed its curriculum-development procedures an d what previously took 200 hours to create 1 hour of online training now takes 20 hours. (Walsh 2) Intellinex was able to take advantage of this change. Ernst & Young already had more than 40 clients receiving eLearning services using this unit. Ernst and Young will continue to use Intellinex for internal training through a third party agreement. (Howell 2) Ernst & Youngs purpose to separate from its online corporate training department was in hopes of increasing the units profitability by acquisitions. Intellinex started with more than four hundred employees and five major locations. Their focus was providing customized training for clients through satellite, desktop web casting, streaming video, and web-based courses.Intellinex, LLC essays research papers fc Executive Summary     Intellinex LLC is an eLearning company that was recently spun off from its parent Ernest & Young LLP. At its inception Intellinex claimed to be one of the largest eLearni ng providers. They have an aggressive strategy to take advantage of the consolidating eLearning market and become a "one-stop" provider of all eLearning services for their clients. Their focus is on creating customized training for clients and helping them to implement and maintain their on-line courses. Products and services are geared toward large companies that spend approximately $1 million on their eLearning projects not individuals or small companies. They have asserted a strenuous goal of $100 million revenue in the first year of business. Company BackgroundIntellinex LLC is an eLearning provider of one-stop learning solutions that are faster, lower in cost, more flexible, and more convenient than traditional classroom training, (www.intellinex.com). Ernst & Young LLP launched their wholly owned eLearning venture, Intellinex LLC, on October 5, 2000. Ernst & Young was the first of the Big 5 firms to create an operating company that offers eLearning services. With less than a year of experience practicing business on their own, much of the background information for Intellinex stems from their internal work with Ernst & Young prior to the spin off. Their parent had already seen the light of eLearning and began creating training that focused on everything a young audit person would need when first starting their career. Almost all Ernst & Young employees had begun taking eLearning courses through a unit now known at Intellinex. They found that it was less expensive to train them online than to fly them to training centers for multiple courses. Due to Year 2000 concerns, Ernst & Young changed its curriculum-development procedures and what previously took 200 hours to create 1 hour of online training now takes 20 hours. (Walsh 2) Intellinex was able to take advantage of this change. Ernst & Young already had more than 40 clients receiving eLearning services using this unit. Ernst and Young will continue to use Intellinex for interna l training through a third party agreement. (Howell 2) Ernst & Youngs decision to separate from its online corporate training department was in hopes of increasing the units profitability by acquisitions. Intellinex started with more than 400 employees and five major locations. Their focus was providing customized training for clients through satellite, desktop web casting, streaming video, and web-based courses.

The Stone Angel - Theme of Pride :: Stone Angel

The Stone Angle - Theme of Pride Short Summation of Pride-Related Occurrences The first reference to self-complacency is in the second sentence of the novel Hagar describes the Stone Angel as "my mothers angel that my father bought in pride to mark her bones and proclaim his dynasty" (3). Hagars father was a very proud man, a trait that was passed on to his daughter, and he takes great pride in this "terribly expensive" statue, which "had been brought from Italy" "and was pure white marble" (3). Hagar recollects exhibiting her pride as early as age 6 when she says "There was I, strutting the board sidewalk like a pint-sized peacock, resplendent, haughty, hoity-toity, Jason Curries black-haired daughter" (6). Jason Currie was a " successful man" who "had pulled himself up by his bootstraps" (7). Hagar was very proud of her fathers success, seeing as how & quothe had begun without money" (14).   Hagars father, because he worked so hard, took great pleasure in his store. She says, " beginner took such pride in the store - youd have thought it was the only one on earth. It was the first in Manawaka, so I guess he had due cause. He would lean across the counter, spreading his hands, and smile so wonderfully youd feel he welcomed the world" (9). Mr. Currie had excessive self-esteem, as seen when the Reverend Dougall MacCulloch was affair out the names of the people who had contributed to help build the new church. Jason Curried leaned over and arrogantly said to his daughter "I and Luke McVitie mustve given the most, as he called our names the first" (16).

The Iliad of Homer and Greek Heroes Essay -- essays research papers

The Iliad is an epic tale of war and heros within the Greek way of life. A predominant and consistent theme of honor and glory reside throughout the poem. The motivation for any Homeric Greek is glory, or Kleos, that is to be honored and respected among their people. Emphasis is put on living by the heroic code. Honor is essential to the Greeks and life would not be worth living without it. When a warrior or hero is advised to avoid risking their life in battle it almost drives them even further towards the deed. It is better to be killed in action rather than to live and be thought a coward. By our coherent standards one would certainly not be thought a coward if they didnt rush into battle to almost certain death, the Greeks however, live by a opposite set of rules, a different set of standards and a different set of goals. The objective of attaining Kleos was the centerpiece of life. Kleos could only be attained beating your opponent,it could not be won if its offered voluntar ily or as a dowry . On the flip side of the pursuit of glory and respect, is the avoidance of shame and unimportance for not taking part in war or not risking your life. To be shamed in life is far, far worse than to be killed in battle. A Homeric warrior would be slap-uply shamed if he were to turn his back on a battle or confrontation even if he is certain that if he fights, he will die. To you and I, this seems ridiculous and outright offensive to common sense and logic but such thoughts didnt exist in those days, it was all about glory, it was all about respect. If you ran from battle you might as well keep running because you will be looked upon as a failure, as a scab, as an embarrassment to the native land and your family. You could be disowned, you could be exiled, or you can even be killed. Its unfortunate in event that such high standards were placed of the heros in this poem. Many great men perished during the Trojan war because it was not in their wishes to conceive co nquer and fall back, they had to fight to the death, it was the only way. The hero often finds himself in kill or be killed situations where they are fighting their opponents will and desire for glory and their abhor and unacceptability of shame. When a battle took place, it was one on one. One hero vs. another, one man and his resume of victorie... ...willingly sacrifice the chance to live a languish life for the opportunity to attain Kleos and their desperate desire to avoid abash. Burial rights are taken especially seriously in Ancient Greek times, and Hektors family would sprightliness particular shame if he was not to be taken back to his homeland and cremated properly. They went to great length and expense to retrieve his body after Achilleus allowed it. Shame and Kleos ran their lives, and the lives of those around them. These heroes pledged to a life long ambition to bring honor to themselves and avoid any smearing of their good name. The moral values were based on this acceptance and the society adapted. There was nothing more important than these two aspects of life it was all that was important, and all that was on the agenda. This is how the Ancient Greeks and Trojans fought this war by the very(prenominal) fabric of their lives they would do what they deemed necessary to satisfy their need for glory. And thus, a select few, till this day have their name sketched in history books as great warriors, and great men. That is precisely what they hoped for, and precisely what they got.To the victor, go the spoils.

Projectery :: essays research papers

ProjecteryDiagramMethodThe A3 sheet of white paper was prone to the board, with drawing pins, and the board was placed underneath a book, to position it on a slight incline. Using a protractor, lines were drawn on as a guide for where to line up the stain. The lines were drawn at 30 O, all the way to 70 O, at 5O intervals. A runner was needed to drop the marble down to the inclined board. A piece of card was used, that was bent in half to create a trail. Wherever the marble went off the board, was marked. The result was sustain by measuring from the point the marble was thrown to the point it fell of the board.We produced the test a couple of times to find the best results.ResultsAngle clench (cm)30 O24.335 O25.940 O26.645 O27.050 O27.855 O26.860 O24.665 O20.670 O18.2ConclusionPrediction At 45 degrees the marble will travel the longest.At 45 O the vertical speeding and the horizontal velocity are the same.ExampleIn the vertical direction the object decelerates at 10ms-2(approx ).It will take exactly 1 second for it to impinge on its maximum height. This is because of the following. 10ms-2 means every second velocity decreases by 10ms-1. It will take half a second to decrease by 5ms-1. Therefore, 5/10 = 0.5, Decrease in velocity / deceleration. 2 x 0.5 = 1second.During this one second, the object will travel a horizontal distance. Range = horizontal velocity x time= 5 x 1= 5mThe try out that has been undertaken here has gone slightly off course simply because of the prediction being 45 O. This experiment has shown that it reached its height at 60 O, which could have been interrupted by several things. The things that could have altered the final results are the followingThe runway may not have been perfectly on level with the lines of angle.The board wasnt at same height.The speed of movement at the beginning from the marble.The runway wasnt steady.The runway may have been at different heights.To produce a fairer test, an average could have been taken, o r a more suitable runway. I believe that a bigger board and easier lines to follow would have made it much easier and more accurate.How applied to sport?Projectery is used in almost every sport, e.g.Javelin When throwing the javelin.Shot put When throwing the shot put.Football When kicking the ball.Projectery is used in sport as many use this to judge the best way to be able to commence the distance that they want.

Essay -- essays research papers

I plan to pursue a degree in Computer Engineering with an emphasis in technology engineering. I have been interested in this field from the time I work fixing my brothers bikes and mine and, most recently days helping my start after school. Just working with my hands is something that gets my attention and enjoy many new things. This is why I believe that computer engineering is the right travel for my future. Ever since I was in seventh grade electronics has been one of my favorite subjects. I knew I wanted to be an engineer when I completed my science fair project I have always worked on electrical currents, the flow of current from its positive charge to its negative charge. What helped me understand this concept was when we had the electricity unit my fr...

Essay -- essays research papers

I plan to pursue a degree in Computer Engineering with an emphasis in technology engineering. I have been interested in this field from the time I work fixing my brothers bikes and exploit and, most recently days helping my father after school. Just working with my hands is something that gets my attention and enjoy many new things. This is why I believe that computer engineering is the right career for my future. Ever since I was in seventh grade electronics has been one of my favorite subjects. I knew I valued to be an engineer when I completed my science fair project I have always worked on electrical currents, the flow of current from its ordained charge to its negative charge. What helped me understand this concept was when we had the electricity unit my fr...

John Rawls Ethical Theory Essay

On February 21 on the year 1921 a military man whos in the future will be regarded as a prominent philosopher John Rawls in Baltimore Maryland was born. He graduated in Kent give lessons in 1939 Rawls comp permited BA at Princeton University and received in here his Ph. D. in 1950. Great American political Philosopher John Rawls was highly considered as an classical person at the time, as the most prominent liberalisms advocate. He was also functional as a Professor at Harvard University in his field of expertise, in the field of Political Philosophy.Rawls theory that ofttimes c tout ensembles justice as fairness and its concepts presented in 1971 Theory of Justice, his primary published book. He is also the creator of 1993 Political Liberalism that means distinctive things into different people and The Law of Peoples in 1999. It presents a non-historical or hypothetical variation on the social contract theory. In the verbalize theory, it declares that agents are making a balanc ed and rational social decision following a certain rule at the rear of veil of ignorance.The say theory makes them able to prevent from knowing in progress what condition and category they will hold. Rawls proclaimed that this method will be beneficial for all the citizens for it will surely produced a society in which the freedom of everyone embrace and their independence will be practiced. His proclamation also emphasized that this will increase for the entire nation and social disparity will only happen when the circumstances prove that it will benefit a least favored constituents. In brief, what he has done is to combine the very strong principle of social and economic equality.In the issue entitled When is creating a turnover situation the rightly thing to do, the author, MEK, tells the story an employee who is really doing quite well in the job. However, it is also said that the employer of the said employee although willing to keep him for the job, is not willing and evo ke in making such investment for the development of the employees career. MEK also tells his story in regarding his past employer. In order to understand the situation let me first give a summary of the story. MEK once work as a shift supervisor in a certain comp any.By that time, the operations coach-and-four is really skilled not only in the job but as a leader too. After some time, the shift manager was promoted leaving MEK in charge of the vacant position. MEK works as acting operations manager for about 4 months and it can be said that he is doing a vast job with increase in the sales and low turnovers during his time as the operations manager. Suddenly, after more than 160 days of working in the said position, it is said that he is to be replace by fresh graduate of BA degree. The said replacement had absolutely no do it in running a business.MEK is even asked to train the person who is to replace him. Thus, MEK was in actuality upset and decided not to work in the smart s et to any further extent. The presence of ethical issue can be seen in this story. And this presence of issue can be resolved and accomplished using a concept formulated by John Rawls in what appear to us and popularly known as the justice of fairness. According to Rawls, two conditions mustiness be satisfied for social and economic inequalities. First, fair equality of opportunity must be given when it comes to positions and as well as offices that are often to all who can be considered under condition.Second, it has to benefit those that are considered least advantage member of the society. Applying Rawlss concept in the case of MEK, it can be said that MEK has the right remain as the operation manager of the said company. It can be said that MEK was not given equal opportunity because the company based their decision on the educational attainment of the individual (which is the main basis for most companies), something that MEK lacks. However, MEK had proven that although he do es not have a BA degree, he is still able to do the job. Thus, applying Rawls concept in the situation, it would had been in goodwill and favor of MEK.Aside from what had been mentioned earlier, there had also been several concepts of Rawls that are considered of great value and importance in political philosophy. It is believed that John Rawls made an important contribution in the said field. Rawlss work not only attracted the guardianship of those who are interested and are in the field of philosophy but many other fields as well such as political scientist, economist and even legal scholars and theologians. This only proves that his ideology is well known and regarded as one of the best if not the best.Among all of the works of Rawls, his books of Justice as fairness, his original position, the reflective equilibrium, Rawls overlapping consensus, and unexclusive relations are the ones that had been given and receive extensive attentions. Rawls is regarded as unique among politi cal philosophers in the contemporary time. ethical motive involves the study of norms and values in particular action knowing what is right or wrong and the consequences of it weather bad or good and character justice and this practices are importance in the fields of governance as well as in business world.Ethics aim was to provide a dogmatic explanatory account and inquiry that the people may actually have. The use of ethics in business and government world also imply public policy as a way of balancing or weighing relevant considerations usually identified by principles of commonality use. In my personal opinion, I also believe that in todays business and government world study of ethics is of great value. In business, ethics examined moral and ethical problems that can arise and take its place in a business environment.Through this study, they will able to trace how the corporations conduct business, hold twain within and outside workers of the company. Through this company can strengthens its relationship with the employees how they can manage and treat every member the right and most effective way, or workplace ethics, they can also formulate a proper governance, and make policies, decision making, appropriate techniques and understanding individual behavior.In the case of governance, it creates a leadership process and social responsibility to be able to administer and process the system. And so the governance for the organization, like a government would include such common feature such as a clear mission, a good responsibility, accountability, transparency, stewardship, flexibility, representation and most of all they may acquire success. The fulfillment of the organizations mission is a paramount concern be it to make profits do good works or act as a government.

The Aging Musculoskeletal System

The Aging Musculoskeletal System Crysany Arroyo GE 258 ITT Technical Institute Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease that is described by low elevate mass and loss of tog up tissue basically thinning of the bones that lead to weak and fragile bones. Bones are forever in a state of changing where new bone tissues are replacing the old bone tissue in order to keep the strength. It make believes custody and women but it is ordinarily a disease that affects mostly women.However when someone is diagnosed with osteoporosis it means that the bone tissue and mass is not replaced as fast with new bone tissue which is one factor of osteoporosis. Another factor that causes osteoporosis is a deficiency in estrogen which typically occurs in menopause causing low bone density because of the drop of estrogen. The probable effects on an everyday life of an 84- year old thin white female maybe critical. Since the bones convey so thin and know low bone density, a minor fall can cause a fractu re. Osteoarthritis Of all bone deficiencies degenerative joint disease is the most common.It typically comes with maturement and wearing of the joints. The joints have a protective cartilage(cushion that separates the joint from the bone) on the end of your bones that once you get older wears down pat(p) damaging the joints. It affects both men and women. Generally before the age of 45 it affects men and affects women normally after the age of 55. The causes of the degenerative arthritis are not callable to blur or wear and tear of the joint although can have an increase in the severity but mostly has to do with the natural aging of the joint.It mostly affects the hands, feet, knees and hips. In an 84 year old thin white female osteoarthritis can be painful. Stiffness is a symptom of osteoarthritis which cause pain after inactivity of the joint after a period of time. Muscular Atrophy Muscular atrophy unlike the other diseases Ive mentioned is specifically targeted at the musc les. It is a disorder that causes progressive deterioration and weakness of the muscles. There are different types of muscular atrophy. There are 3 types that affect churlren before they turn 1.The most severe of them all occurs before birth, around 30-36 weeks of pregnancy which is called Type 0. The other two types I and II which affect that child at birth or around the first few months. In adults there are two types. Those types are the Finkel type and Type IV which usually affect adults after age 30. Muscular atrophy occurs generally with age, however it can also be caused by injury, birth defects, stroke. Spinal cord injury and sometimes can occur due to osteoarthritis.An 84- year old white, thin small boned white female with muscular atrophy can have back pain, walking problems, and limited range of motion which are some of the many symptoms of the disease.References 1. What is osteoporosis and can it be treated? (2011, Nov 09). Liverpool Echo, pp. 22. http//search. proquest. com/docview/902777135? accountid=27655 2. What causes osteoporosis?. (2010). Osteoporosis A Guide to Prevention & adenine Treatment (2010), 5. 3. What you should know about osteoarthritis. (2012). American Family Physician, 85(1), 57-58 4. Ask dr. H What causes osteoarthritis? (2012, Feb 27). Press of Atlantic City, pp. n/a. http//search. proquest. com/docview/923715946? accountid=27655 5. spinal muscular atrophy A dictionary of Biomedicine. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ITT Educational Services. 27 April 2012 <http//www. oxfordreference. com/views/ENTRY. html? subview=Main&entry=t312. e8720> 6. Spinal muscular atrophy What it is and how to cope. (2008, ). New York Amsterdam News, pp. 37-37. http//search. proquest. com/docview/390101328? accountid=27655

High Speed Trains

discipline Vehicle Systems H i g h S p e e d Tra i n s Source Siemens High-Speed Trains radiate grant Brake temper bogy Equipment civilise-Services On-Board Source Bombardier 2 Why do more and more game-speed qualify manufacturers and operators put their faith in Knorr-Bremse outlines ? Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse systems atomic number 18 cogent even at extremely high speeds At speeds of up to 400 km/h, enormous forces are generated. Trains that regularly travel long distances at high speeds claim braking systems that can keep these forces under control both safely and economically.As well as whippersnapper, compact systems that can be used worldwide, there is a need for intelligent control systems. Knorr-Bremse is regarded as an international pi wizer in this field. On the basis of tried-and-tested technologies, we develop advance(a) solutions houseing top levels of sanctuary, reliability, and economy. The systems we have substantial are so efficient th at they as well score top marks in terms of environmental friend filiationss. Customers enjoy full sup expression from a undivided source from the initial planning stage and commissioning right down to aftermarket function.Worldwide operator and client audits regularly single out the consistent quality of our products and services for praise and this is confirmed by our EN 50126 (RAMS and LCC) certification. 3 High-Speed Trains Systems Solutions For Every Market On-BOard S yS t e m S BOgie equipment a i r S u p p ly What is Knorr-Bremses complete one-stop solution for high-speed tails 4 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Air Supply Combined compressor and air treatment system Knorr-Bremses ready-to-install air supply equipment has been adapted in line with the trend towards increasingly compact, lightweight systems.Our product portfolio includes low-vibration and low- flutter lie with compressors with an output of between 600 and 2,500 l/min. as well as air dryers and condensate collecto rs. A particularly economic solution is the first ever vegetable oil-free compressor, with life-cycle be that are up to 50% lower than those of conventional compressors. B o gie Equipment Innovative design minimizes assembly and sustentation requirements Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of compact, lightweight bogie equipment including low-maintenance compact bracken measure outs, low- snap stop discs, and innovative high-performance pasture brake pads.Sinter pads reduce the life-cycle costs of electromagnetic track brakes by up to 40%. The eddy modern brake is completely free of presume components. Brake Control Ensuring the intelligent interaction of all brake functions With brake control systems, Knorr-Bremse ensures best functioning of all systems involved in the braking process and allow tested stopping of the train in all operating conditions.The highly flexible and configurable brake control system EP get, together with the modular electronic platform ESRA, manages the pressure control, anti-skid, wheel-slide monitoring and symptomatics, as well as further highly complex brake control functions. BraKe cO n t r O l O n-B oard Systems Doors, air-conditioning units, and more It is not just Knorr-Bremse braking systems that ensure greater safety and comfort in rail vehicles. Our on-board product portfolio covers a wide range of innovative products and solutions including vehicle and platform doors and air-conditioning units.We also produce state-of-the-art electronic diagnostic systems and windscreen wiper and wash systems. R ail-S er vices A partner for all requirements throughout the entire product life-cycle Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of rail-services ranging from soul consultancy and collaborative product development to homologation, commissioning, training, maintenance, repair, upgrading, and overhaul of all components as well as a reliable supply of OEM parts. Whether you opt for individual services or the full package, everything is provided locally, either on-site or in one of our global service centers.Testing Test benches for all products worldwide Knorr-Bremse supplies test benches for all products and systems, customized and tailored to the customers requirements, to supplement longterm overhaul services with tools and products for daily maintenance. Several hundreds of test benches and test installations are in operational service with our customers worldwide for example, as train brake tests, test benches for brake control products, compressors, air dryers, tread brakes, brake calipers, and more.A perfect balance of high-quality systems and services Knorr-Bremses expertise in the field has departed into every single component and system. Top-quality components operate smoothly together to guarantee optimum functionality, high reliability, and maximum safety. Complex electronic control systems such as shading and brake management reduce wear to a minimum by ensuring balanced operation of all systems . The system can be configured either to use the vehicle bus system or a separate bus exclusive to the braking system. For each project, customers are closely consulted at the design stage.It goes without saying that Knorr-Bremse offers support during the homologation process as well as all the necessary on-site services across the entire product life-cycle. 5 High-Speed Trains C u t t i n g E d g e Te c h n o l o g i e s Compressors Oil-free compressor Compact Brake Calipers Easy to install, maintenance-free, unusually lightweight The compact brake caliper unit has a completely redesigned mechanism for applying braking force that allows for considerable transverse axle movement and tilt without generating any internal stresses.Requiring only a precedent interface, it is easy to install, and sealed joints mean low maintenance. Its weight has also been reduced by up to an impressive 100 kg per bogie. Modular Brake Control EP Compact and ESRA modular brake control With EP Compact, Knorr-Bremse has developed a flexible and powerful brake control system with central and distributed control coming from one family. Core functions can be expanded by adding a wide range of options offered by various modules of the EP Compact product family.Especially for high-speed trains, Knorr-Bremse has developed innovative ESRA modules for new functions as defined in the TSI. Knorr-Bremse is the only brake supplier to offer an integrated solution for bogie monitoring and diagnostics comprising maculation of non-rotating axles, derailment detection and additional diagnostic functions to improve service and maintenance. Knorr-Bremse was the first company in the rail vehicle industry to develop a compressor that operates without any oil. Lubrication is replaced by a special coating, and the unit is cooled by air taken in via the crankcase.This innovative product is a winner in both environmental and economic terms. Expenses for oil changes, oil separation, and condensate disposa l are avoided, and energy consumption, weight, and installation space are significantly reduced. Innovations that pay their way Reducing wear and tear and maintenance costs is a good way of saving money. More than any other manufacturer, Knorr-Bremse has succeeded in finely coordinating the complex interplay of different braking systems. Brake components that are prone to wear are only used when the wear-free electro-dynamic braking cannot cope on its own.Even then, patented ISOBAR brake pads have proven longevity against conventional materials. Brake pads and discs require replacement less frequently, and their design enables them to be serviced rapidly. The brake calipers themselves are low maintenance. These examples demonstrate that if all the relevant factors are included in the calculation, the bottom line is savings for the customer. Customized service packages ensure that all Knorr-Bremse systems function smoothly for up to 30 years anywhere in the world.The secret is our c ombination of OEM expertise and a highly efficient service infrastructure. 6 Rail Vehicle Systems Brake Management Intelligent braking Stefan Aurich Team Leader, System Engineering High-Speed Trains We produce utterly reliable systems for rail vehicles that are subject to heavy use. Our products offer everything easy handling, low-cost, and uncompromising levels of safety. Economical braking is all about reducing the stress on wear components to a minimum. Knorr-Bremse ensures that friction brakes only come into operation when wear-free dynamic brakes are not enough.A brake management system for the entire train calculates brake force distribution based on different data available brake effort of the individual brake systems, vehicle weights and adhesion limits, and caloric limits of the friction brake are taken into account to blend the different systems and achieve a balanced braking. is it true that Knorr-Bremses high-speed solutions are also the best in the world in terms of economy ? 7 High-Speed Trains Satisfied Customers 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wherever top quality is crucial for competitiveness Knorr-Bremses rail vehicle systems are not only cutting-edge technology they are also market leadership. all told over the world, when manufacturers and operators make purchasing decisions, they take a wide range of factors relating to safety and economics into consideration. They find that the best results are offered by Knorr-Bremses unique combination of experience and innovation. Many customers opt for the full range of Knorr-Bremse systems and components for their high-speed trains. Examples for equipped high-speed trains worldwide 1 BR 407 2 AVE S 103 3 AGV Pegase 4 CRH3 5 AVE S 102 6 KTX Korea 8 Supplied With Excellent Products Air SupplyOil-free compressor Oil-free air (environmentally friendly, no downstream contamination) Less complex system / fewer interfaces (no oil filter, no condensate collector) Almost maintenance-free, very low LCC Screw compressor Special design, related to tough railway operation conditions Low compressor noise level Virtually pulsation-free, delivery of compressed air Brake Control EP Compact Flexible brake control platform Central and distributed control Compact design Continuous pneumatic load correction Full set of auxiliary functions CENELEC- and TSI-compliantModular ESRA Intelligent combination of pneumatic and electronic control Intelligent blending and brake management Modular and suitable to the various customer requirements CENELEC- and TSI-compliant Bogie Equipment Wheel- and axle-mounted brake disc Standardized interface and fixation on wheel insusceptible against thermal cracks due to movable friction disc spicy design with high safety against external shock and vibration Compact brake caliper Only one interface to bogie Highly modular design Optimized design regarding weight, assembly, and costs Reduced maintenance 9 Rail Vehicle SystemsCompact units Compact, light, reliable Protected develop ed especially for installation beneath the frame All components to be maintained can be reached through a maintenance port Air dryer Dual-chamber regeneration dryer Lightweight aluminum design Integrated pre-filtration elements COMORAN Condition Monitoring for Railway Applications Condition monitoring and diagnosis Derailment detection Reducing life-cycle costs Fulfillment of TSI requirements Modular motion controller kit Brake, traction, and master controller Compatible with UIC standard Small, flexible installation space Robust design, proven applicationIsobar sinter brake pad Flexible sinter brake pad with highest brake performance Temperature resistant with constant friction behavior longsighted disc and pad life due to even temperature distribution on brake disc For overhaul, only replacement of friction elements necessary Eddy current brake No mechanical contact between brake and rail No wear and tear and low maintenance Noiseless braking Brake force does not depend on frict ion coefficient Constant brake force even at high-speed applications 10 Rail Vehicle Systems Where have Knorr-Bremse solutions already been tried and tested ? 11 High-Speed Trains T h e F u t u r eWhat prospects for the future can Knorr-Bremse offer in the high-speed segment 12 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Secure Operation Secure Investment Secure Future The future belongs to technology leaders The extreme stress to which high-speed trains are subjected call for unusually high-performance, top-quality, and safe braking technologies. We offer to adapt every system to the specific operating conditions involved, thereby minimizing wear and tear and achieving top levels of economy and vehicle availability. As a manufacturer of braking systems with more than 100 years experience, Knorr-Bremse has the necessary expertise to achieve this.High levels of R & D investment ensure that our systems remain cutting-edge around the world. With railservices Knorr-Bremse offers a high-quality portfolio o f maintenance and aftermarket services ranging from original spare parts and maintenance agreements right down to function for complete systems during the entire life-cycle. Customers also benefit from a comprehensive network of service centers for all braking and on-board systems. 13 Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Moosacher Stra? e 80 80809 Munich Germany Tel +49 89 3547 0 Fax +49 89 3547 2767 www. knorr-bremse. om Europe Africa Austria Modling Dr. techn. J. ZELISKO GmbH Tel +43 2236 409 0 Knorr-Bremse GmbH Tel +43 2236 409 0 Austria Kematen/Ybbs Knorr-Bremse GmbH Division IFE Tel +43 7448 9000 Czech commonwealth Brno IFE-CR, a. s. Tel +42 0532 159 111 IGE-CZ s. r. o. Tel +42 0548 424 050 France Reims Freinrail Systemes Ferroviaires S. A. Tel +33 3 2679 7200 Germany Berlin Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Zweigniederlassung Berlin Tel +49 30 9392 0 Hungary Budapest Knorr-Bremse Vasuti Jarmu Rendszerek Hungaria Kft. Tel + 36 1421 1100 Italy Florence Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Italia S. r. l.Tel +39 055 3020 1 Italy Rozzano Microelettrica Scientifica SpA Tel +39 02 575 731 Netherlands Leeuwarden IFE Tebel Technologies B. V. Tel +31 58 297 3333 Poland Krakow Knorr-Bremse Systemy dla Kolejowych Srodkow Lokomocji PL Sp. z o. o. Tel +48 12 260 96 10 Romania Bucharest Knorr-Bremse SRL Tel +40 37 400 5155 Russia Moscow Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Tel +7 495 739 01 13 South Africa Spartan Knorr-Bremse (SA) (Pty) Ltd. Tel +27 11 961 7800 South Africa Johannesburg Microelettrica Scientifica (PTY) Ltd Tel +27 11 794 3330 Spain Madrid Merak Sistemas Integrados de Climatizacion, S.A. Tel +34 91 495 90 00 Sociedad Espanola de Frenos Calefaccion y Senales, S. A. Tel +34 91 one hundred forty-five 9400 Sweden Lund Knorr-Bremse Nordic Rail Services AB Tel +46 46 3293 50 Switzerland Niederhasli Oerlikon-Knorr Eisenbahntechnik AG Tel+41 44 852 31 11 United Kingdom Melksham Knorr-Bremse Rai l Systems (UK) Ltd. Tel +44 1225 898 700 United Kingdom Derby Sydac Ldt Derwent Business Centre Tel +44 1332 299 600 United Kingdom Donchaster Techtrain Associates Ltd Tel +44 1302 360043 Americ a Brazil Sao Paulo Knorr-Bremse Sistemas para Veiculos Ferroviarios Ltda. Tel +55 11 5681 1129 Canada Kingston Knorr Brake Ltd.Tel +1 613 389 46 60 USA Randolph Microelettrica USA LLC Tel +1 973 598 0806 USA Watertown New York Air Brake Corporation Tel +1 315 786 52 00 USA West Chicago Anchor Brake Shoe Company Tel +1 630 293 1110 USA Westminster IFE North America Tel +1 410 875 1468 Knorr Brake Corporation Tel +1 410 875 09 00 Merak North America LLC Tel +1 410 875 09 00 A sia Australia Australia Granville NSW Knorr-Bremse Australia Pty. Ltd. Tel +61 2 8863 6500 Australia Adelaide Sydac Pty Ldt Tel +61 8239 3600 mainland China Beijing Knorr-Bremse CARS LD Vehicle Brake Disc Manufacturing (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel +86 10 5101 0999 Knorr-Bremse Nankou Air Supply Unit (Beijing) Co. Lt d. Tel +86 10 5164 2640 Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Beijing Office Tel +86 10 6802 9088 China Guangzhou Westinghouse Platform Screen Doors (Guangzhou) Ltd. Tel +86 20 8770 8700 China Hong Kong Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel +852 3657 9800 China Qingdao IFE-Victall Railway Vehicle Door Systems (Qingdao) Co. , Ltd. Tel +86 532 8793 8512 China Shanghai Merak Railways Technologies (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd.Tel +86 21 5192 5800 China Suzhou New District Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Tel +86 512 6616 5666 This publication may be subject to alteration without prior notice. A printed copy of this document may not be the latest revision. ravish contact your local Knorr-Bremse representative or check our website www. knorr-bremse. com for the latest update. The figurative mark K and the trademarks KNORR and KNORRBREMSE are registered in the name of Knorr-Bremse AG. Copyright 2007 Knorr-Bremse AG All rights reserved.In cluding industrial property rights applications. Knorr-Bremse AG retains any power of disposal, such as for copying and transferring. China Wuxi Merak Jinxin Air Conditioning Systems (Wuxi) Co. , Ltd. Tel +86 510 8558 3133 India Faridabad Knorr-Bremse India Private Ltd. Tel +91 129 227 64 09 Japan Tokyo Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Japan Ltd. Tel +81 3 53 91 10 13 Korea Seoul Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Korea Ltd. Tel +82 2 22 80 55 55 Singapore Singapore Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel +65 6555 0105 P-1203-EN-03 09. 2010

Mrt Jakarta

The working capital of Indonesia Mass fast expatriation System is an ongoing transportation alkali project in capital of Indonesia, the capital urban center of Indonesia. It consists of a protrudeially elevated and partially underground railway system. Construction of the scratch line kind of the project is evaluate to start in 2013 and is externalisened to be operational in 2016. 1 Contents hide 1 Background of the project 2 Lines 2. 1 North-South corridor 2. 1. 1 Phase I 2. 2 East-West corridor 3 Project forward motion 4 PT Mass Rapid Transit capital of Indonesia 5 References 6 External links editBackground of the projectJakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is an urban metropolis with all over 8 million inhabitants. It is predicted that over four million residents of the surrounding Jabodetabek ara commute in and out of the city each working day. Transport issues fool increasingly begun to attract political attention and it has been estimated that in 2020 with out a major transportation breakthrough traffic jams result overwhelm the city. Since 1980 more than twenty-five public and special subject studies have been conducted related to possible Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems in Jakarta.One of the major reasons for the delays in tackling the problem was the economic crisis of 1997-98. Before the crisis a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme was considered as part of a new MRT calling for private sector involvement. subsequently the crisis, the plan to trust on a BOT to provide funding proved infeasible and the MRT project was again imaged as a government-funded scheme. occurrent public transportation in Jakarta mainly consists of various types of buses, starting from the very small bemo and pickup sized mikrolet, to slightly larger minbuses and full sized city buses.There are also some(prenominal) two and four wheeled taxis. Current transport systems include widely used MetroMini and Kopaja cheap minibuses, and the TransJakarta b us rapid transit system, and the Jabodetabek Commuter Railway. editLines The rail-based Jakarta MRT is pass judgment to stretch across over 108 kilometres, including 21. 7 km for the North-South Corridor (From Lebak Bulus to Kampung Bandan) and 87 km for East-West Corridor(From Balaraja to Cikarang). 2 editNorth-South corridor The North-South corridor will be built in two phases. Phase I, will be constructed in advance connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI along 15. km including 13 stations (7 elevated stations and 6 underground stations). The Indonesian ministry of Transport approved this plan in September 2010 and invited tenders and will be built at April 2012. 3 Phase II, will extend the North-South line from Bundaran HI to Kampung Bandan (7 underground stations and 1 ground-level station), targeted to shut away in 2018 (accelerated from 2020 as the original plan4). 5 afterward completion of MRT Phase I and II, together with TransJakarta will serve 60 percent centre trips mad e by Jakartans. editPhase I The first phase is 15. 7 kilometres (9. 8 mi) long from Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI. The construction project will begin in June 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2016 to serve 212,000 passengers per day. This expected capacity whitethorn be maxed out to 960,000 per day. The 15. 7 kilometers span expected to be covered in under 30 minutes. 6 rarified stations Lebak Bulus Fatmawati Cipete Haji Nawi Blok A Blok M Sisingamangaraja Underground stations Al-Azhar mosque Senayan Bendungan Hilir SetiabudiDukuh Atas (Interchange Station with Jakarta Commuter Line) Bundaran H. I editEast-West corridor This corridor is currently in pre-feasibility study phase. The line is targeted to operate in 2027. editProject Progress Progress of the first phase was funded through a loan by the lacquer Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), now merged into the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The loan phone number IP is 536 (signed November 2006) for eng ineering services. The engineering services loan is a pre-construction loan to prepare the construction phase.It consists of Basic architectural plan package, managed by the DGR (Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transport) Management and mental process package, managed by the Bappeda (Jakarta Regional Planning Board) Construction assistance in tender, managed by the PT MRT Jakarta On establish 31, 2009, Loan Agreement 2 (LA2) for the count of 48,150 billion Yen to build the Jakarta MRT System was signed by the Indonesian Government (represented by the Indonesian Ambassador for Japan) and JICA in Tokyo, Japan. 7 This loan is to be forwarded from the National Government to the Jakarta City Administration as a grant (on-granting commensurateness). 8 After the signing of the granting agreement for LA2, city administration will propose another two loan agreements for LA3 and LA4 to the central government. These proposals will become a lending agreement for the local gove rnment. The arrive amount of LA3 and LA4 addressed as a loan by the local government is about 71867 billion yen. This amount is based on the progress, outcome and absorbance of LA2. The total loan package from JICA for the development of the Jakarta MRT system is worth a total of 120 billion yen.Work on the basic design for the first phase of the current version of the project began in late 2010. The tender process was underway in late 2012 when the new governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, unexpectedly said that he wanted a review of the project. After several months of uncertainty governor Joko Widodo announced that the project would go ahead. He listed it as one of the priority projects in the Jakarta city budget for 2013. 9 bodily construction is expected to begin in 201310 and the line is expected to be operational by 2017. editPT Mass Rapid Transit JakartaPT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (PT MRTJ) is a limited liability (Perseroan Terbatas) company founded by the Jakarta Provincial Government. Its establishment was approved by the provincial parliament (DPRD) on 10 June 2008 and final establishment was by notary act on 17 June 2008. Its purpose is to operate the Jakarta MRT System. The shares are made up from 99% Jakarta Provincial Government and 1% PT Pasar Jaya (another Jakarta Reginal-Government-Owned-Company). PT MRTJ is classed as a Regional-Government-Owned-Company (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah-BUMD).The BUMD form for PT MRTJ is knowing not to create profits for the shareholders, plainly instead to create flexibility in accessing alternative financing, which would otherwise be impossible if the company was directly part of the government. With this, the cost of tickets sold to clients will be reduced with some of the operational cost being subsidised by other sources. The BUMD form also ensures enhancer and accountability through the shareholders General Meeting, finale Making and Reporting System which will be publicly available.Mrt JakartaThe Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit System is an ongoing transportation infrastructure project in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. It consists of a partially elevated and partially underground railway system. Construction of the first phase of the project is expected to start in 2013 and is planned to be operational in 2016. 1 Contents hide 1 Background of the project 2 Lines 2. 1 North-South corridor 2. 1. 1 Phase I 2. 2 East-West corridor 3 Project Progress 4 PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta 5 References 6 External links editBackground of the projectJakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is an urban metropolis with over 8 million inhabitants. It is predicted that over four million residents of the surrounding Jabodetabek area commute in and out of the city each working day. Transport issues have increasingly begun to attract political attention and it has been estimated that in 2020 without a major transportation breakthrough traffic jams will overwhelm the city. Since 1980 more than twe nty-five general and special subject studies have been conducted related to possible Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems in Jakarta.One of the major reasons for the delays in tackling the problem was the economic crisis of 1997-98. Before the crisis a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme was considered as part of a new MRT calling for private sector involvement. After the crisis, the plan to rely on a BOT to provide financing proved infeasible and the MRT project was again proposed as a government-funded scheme. Current public transportation in Jakarta mainly consists of various types of buses, starting from the very small bemo and pickup sized mikrolet, to slightly larger minbuses and full sized city buses.There are also both two and four wheeled taxis. Current transport systems include widely used MetroMini and Kopaja cheap minibuses, and the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, and the Jabodetabek Commuter Railway. editLines The rail-based Jakarta MRT is expected to stretch across over 108 kilometres, including 21. 7 km for the North-South Corridor (From Lebak Bulus to Kampung Bandan) and 87 km for East-West Corridor(From Balaraja to Cikarang). 2 editNorth-South corridor The North-South corridor will be built in two phases. Phase I, will be constructed in advance connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI along 15. km including 13 stations (7 elevated stations and 6 underground stations). The Indonesian ministry of Transport approved this plan in September 2010 and invited tenders and will be built at April 2012. 3 Phase II, will extend the North-South line from Bundaran HI to Kampung Bandan (7 underground stations and 1 ground-level station), targeted to operate in 2018 (accelerated from 2020 as the original plan4). 5 After completion of MRT Phase I and II, together with TransJakarta will serve 60 percent total trips made by Jakartans. editPhase I The first phase is 15. 7 kilometres (9. 8 mi) long from Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI. The construction project will begin in June 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2016 to serve 212,000 passengers per day. This expected capacity may be maxed out to 960,000 per day. The 15. 7 kilometers span expected to be covered in under 30 minutes. 6 Elevated stations Lebak Bulus Fatmawati Cipete Haji Nawi Blok A Blok M Sisingamangaraja Underground stations Al-Azhar mosque Senayan Bendungan Hilir SetiabudiDukuh Atas (Interchange Station with Jakarta Commuter Line) Bundaran H. I editEast-West corridor This corridor is currently in pre-feasibility study phase. The line is targeted to operate in 2027. editProject Progress Progress of the first phase was funded through a loan by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), now merged into the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The loan number IP is 536 (signed November 2006) for engineering services. The engineering services loan is a pre-construction loan to prepare the construction phase.It consists of Basic Design package, managed by the DGR (Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transport) Management and Operation package, managed by the Bappeda (Jakarta Regional Planning Board) Construction assistance in tender, managed by the PT MRT Jakarta On March 31, 2009, Loan Agreement 2 (LA2) for the amount of 48,150 billion Yen to build the Jakarta MRT System was signed by the Indonesian Government (represented by the Indonesian Ambassador for Japan) and JICA in Tokyo, Japan. 7 This loan is to be forwarded from the National Government to the Jakarta City Administration as a grant (on-granting agreement). 8 After the signing of the granting agreement for LA2, city administration will propose another two loan agreements for LA3 and LA4 to the central government. These proposals will become a lending agreement for the local government. The total amount of LA3 and LA4 addressed as a loan by the local government is about 71867 billion yen. This amount is based on the progress, outcome and absorbance of LA2. The total loan p ackage from JICA for the development of the Jakarta MRT system is worth a total of 120 billion yen.Work on the basic design for the first phase of the current version of the project began in late 2010. The tender process was underway in late 2012 when the new governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, unexpectedly said that he wanted a review of the project. After several months of uncertainty governor Joko Widodo announced that the project would go ahead. He listed it as one of the priority projects in the Jakarta city budget for 2013. 9 Physical construction is expected to begin in 201310 and the line is expected to be operational by 2017. editPT Mass Rapid Transit JakartaPT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (PT MRTJ) is a limited liability (Perseroan Terbatas) company founded by the Jakarta Provincial Government. Its establishment was approved by the provincial parliament (DPRD) on 10 June 2008 and final establishment was by notary act on 17 June 2008. Its purpose is to operate the Jakarta MRT S ystem. The shares are made up from 99% Jakarta Provincial Government and 1% PT Pasar Jaya (another Jakarta Reginal-Government-Owned-Company). PT MRTJ is classed as a Regional-Government-Owned-Company (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah-BUMD).The BUMD form for PT MRTJ is designed not to create profits for the shareholders, but instead to create flexibility in accessing alternative financing, which would otherwise be impossible if the company was directly part of the government. With this, the cost of tickets sold to clients will be reduced with some of the operational cost being subsidised by other sources. The BUMD form also ensures transparency and accountability through the shareholders General Meeting, Decision Making and Reporting System which will be publicly available.

Reflection of Clinical Observation Experience Essay

I am a nursing student from Australian Catholic University. This role duck soup is about the vital signs. Now, I am going to write a reflective write about the video of my role play of TPR which is a part of assignment and done by me and my other two friends.Firstly, in my video when I play a nurse role, first of altogether I asked about the patients condition such as how are you today. I also make the eye contact while fetching to patient. But this is my first time to take vital signs. I found more challenging than my expectations while I communicate the patient. Verbal and nonverbal communion is a part of communication between patient and nurse. (Hamilton, 2007). But I forget to introduce myself to the patient. I realise that is my first mistake to communicate with patient.Secondly, I washed my hand properly before taking the patient vital signs. Alcohol based hand rub is simply most useful interjection in controlling infection (Australian commission on safety and quality in h ealthcare, 2009). When I go near to the patient I prepare from each one and e actually thing what nurses needed while taking vital signs. Such as patients recording file, pen and instrument for taking vital signs. Furthermore, before I start to check the patient I did make sure the she is the slump patient or not which is written in her name, date of birth, MRN number and the quicken name in her hand band. I give way always assumed that it is a simple process but I found that my expectation were outlying(prenominal) from my contract.Thirdly, I start to take the vital signs but before that I asked the permission from the patient. Vital signs refer to the measurement of a patients temperature, wink respiration and blood pressure. Vital signs commonly include temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate which are used to access the most requisite body function (Stomski, 2009). Firstly, I start from to take the patients temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate .a nd blood pressure and records in the patients file. However, while taking the blood pressure I have to support patients hand by pillow or hand which I forgot at that moment. After that mistake I determined I never do that mistake in my profession.Finally, when I finished taking the vital signs I appreciate to the patient thank you for your Participation. After finished my role play I realise participation word is not appropriate. Instead of that I have to say thank you for your cooperation. I feel this is the best way to communicate between nurse and patient. I have always believed that the elderly do precise little with their time. I found a positive aspect about the elderly even though they are old, the patients were creatively active by have choice which makes them busy and so they have happy existence. In the low care unit people were doing recreational work such as word picture and stick picture and cartoon on the paper.I found health professionals were polite and friendly with the patients. I also found patience in the staff and the patient when they are communicating with each other. The health professionals encourage patients to speak and genuinely interested in clients word and encourage them to converse. This interaction impressed me a lot and I learned a new lesson how to motivate people. I am glad I went on this field yell because it demonstrated to me many positive qualities most importantly, the empathy that I will need to have in order to be a skilled and caring nurse.. Moreover, right patient, right place and right way of taking the vital signs is also part of nursing skills. Also comfortable between patient and nurse is very important.ReferenceAustralian commission on safety and quality in healthcare. (2009). National Hand aaaaaaHygiene Program Aims To Halve Hospital Superbug Infections. Retrieve from aaaaa http//www.health.gov.au/ earnings/safety/publishing.nsfHamilton, S.J., Martin, D.J. (2007). Clinical Development A Framework for e ffective aaaaaacommunication skills. Nursing Times. Retrieved from aaaaaahttp//www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/296359.articleStomski,N (2009). Vital Signs. The Joanna Briggs Institute 25(3),1-5.

How is Hinduism different from the other two major world religions? Essay

Hinduism is different from the some other two major world religions (Christianity and Islam) in that in that location is no single omnipotent paternal deity that governs throngs actions. Hinduism is pantheistic, that is, it states that there is one super being and it is present in all veridical things and living beings. Hinduism does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality, or religious organization. There be many manifestations of the Creator, the Brahman, which take the form of many gods and goddesses. The Hindu believe that because all reality is a unity, worshipping different gods will in the end connect them to Brahman, because he is one.Out of this principle of unity stems the concept of accountability of ones actions in this earthly life. The rise in popularity of Hinduism in the perish half of the last century is attributed to this very principle, because it brush off be compared with the Earths ecosystem of interdependenci es of different biological levels of organisms. The followers of Hinduism are motivated to behave according their religions moral code not because of the fear of successive punishment. Rather, they know that everything in this world functions according to the cause-and-effect principle and ones actions today will return to the inevitable consequences after the incarnation.The notions of Karma, reincarnation, and Varna work together to create the revolving system of life and death (Robinson). According to Hindu tradition the earthly life of ordinary people (pravritti) is a meaningless (samsara). Earthly life of the pravitti can have four goals righteousness in their religious life (dharma) material prosperity (artha) and indulgence of the senses sensual, sexual, and mental enjoyment (kama). These goals of the pravitti are looked down upon by the Hindu tradition.The ultimate goal of the person is to master a state of liberation from the burden of earthly demand and desires (moksha ). Moksha can be achieved with successive stages of reincarnation. Each stage is closer to the moksha than the previous one. How the person moves about those stages is determined by karma a sum of the awful and good deeds of the person (Hinduism). Good deeds will result in a rebirth to the higher, more spiritual level, and bad deeds can cause a persons soul to step down the ladder and may be even go as low to tolerate in the body of an animal. The differences in wealth, health, social status are explained to be the natural outcomes of the ones previous lives (Robinson).The concept of the Varna represents the stages that one has to go through to achieve liberation. Varna is synonymous to the caste, a Hindu only phenomenon . There are four varnas which are differentiated based on their religion and occupations. The highest class in the hierarchy are the Brahmans, the priests and academics, who are practice the highest spirituality and are closest to Brahman. The second caste are Ks hatriya that is made up of the rulers and the military.The third caste is Vaishya and it includes farmers, landlords, and merchants. The final class is Sudra which consists of the servants to the other three classes and workers. The Sudra caste is inferior to the other three classes because it does not have the religious initiation like the other castes have, which distances them from the Brahman and explains their lowest position. The fifth class outside the four varnas are the untouchables, the ones that are to low in their standings to be classified (Indias Social springer and Systems).The Hindu system of reincarnation works in the following way a person realizes that life on earth is a burden of jumbled cycle of life and death. Life on earth is a suffering and is temporary. A person understands that he is confined to a certain caste in this life because of his actions in the previous lives. He or she than realizes that the goal of existence is liberation from this chaotic cyc le of suffering. Knowing that the ultimate goal of his soul is to achieve total liberation, he or she will strive to lead a righteous life to achieve it. The achievement of the liberation is possible through base up in the caste system. After physical death, the karma determines ones next position in the caste system on the way to moksha. flora CitedRobinson, B. A. Hinduism. The worlds third largest religion. May 16, 2002 Hinduism An overview. May 16, 2002. Indias Social Customs and Systems. The Caste System. May 16, 2002

Disaster Assessment and Recovery Plan

In the given scenario, my establishment was badly damaged when the child of a customer left in a running vehicle he accidentally shifted the car into forward, destroying the stores main entrance causing enormous damages to my facility. Herewith is the disaster assessment and recovery swan for my railway line facility.In assessing the damage, I need to identify what areas have been damaged, what products were affected, how much its estimated cost, was the damaged area repairable, how much might it costs, were there anyone hurt, what kind treatment they need, and how much would be the boilersuit cost of the damaged items and products, the facility, and the injured customers. Initial assessment shows the glass towards the front and left side area was broken due to the impact of the car.Many product items be the floor and whatsoever in glass container were broken and two of the customers inside were hit by flying debris from the broken glass. The series of questions above could fri end determine not only the extent of the damages but also what course of actions are needed, and which one urgently needs attention. Obviously, the two customers who were hurt were the baksheesh priority as they urgently need to be brought to the hospital for treatment. Fortunately, the incident did not cause any problem on the power supply.However, there were some items that were broken and damaged including some frozen foods. Product items that were damaged or broken will be itemized and will be collected as violate of data collection. In case the power supply was lost, all the perishable goods that could not be refrigerated will be considered damaged and will be charged to the owner of the car. After all the data is collected it is time to evaluate these data to determine the exact overall costs of the incident.The recovery plan Based on the results of disaster assessment, I need to appoint somebody who has a wide organizational influence to prepare a business chance plan proj ect and to manage it. His task includes insuring cooperation from other concern departments to make sure the on going project is properly funded and to provide strategic thrill for the business. He or she will act as the contingency planning coordinator, who is responsible for the successful completion of the project.I should then meet with him to define the scope of the project, the project timeline, and expectations. The repairs and completion of the project will take two weeks, which includes assessment of the overall cost of the damages. Next to this, the planning coordinator must select his team who will exploit with him. They should create the project plan to be implemented in managing the project and to execute this plan. He should oversee its implementation.When everything is done and the business is back to its previous form, I should keep the contingency manager and his team in my business not only as a token of appreciation but knowing they domiciliate do great in my b usiness. To avoid this incident to happen again, I would include in the project the construction of parking lot situated frigid the store with hump and support beam on the immediate perimeter of the building. I will also hire security guard to man and change course the parking lot area to avoid the occurrence of similar incidence.

Face Recognition Essay

Forhumans, faces atomic number 18 the most significant for visual stimuli, a fact that becomes apparent in fond settingsas a species we are constantly, almost obsessively, monitoring each others faces, paying close solicitude to knowing details that can give some insight into the emotional state, level of engagement, or object of attention of our associates. Fluency with faces offers great social advantages, allowing one to glean aspects of anothers internal thought processes and to assure their behavior. (Leopold, 2010). Explain the processes associated with face intuition, identification, and classificationConceptgenerallyrefer to theabstract notion of what that category represents in ones mind. ((Robinson-Riegler, 2008). The course credit of single faces is in some ways the pinnacle of human visual performance. Because all faces reserve the same fundamental configural appearance (for example 2 eyes above a nose and mouth, sometimes called the first-order chassis), man- to-mans must be identified by subtle deviations from this prototypic pattern, sometimes referred to as second-order relational information or configuration .To process nervus facialis identification an individual depend on the process offirst-order relational information, theinformation about the split of an object and how those parts relate to one another. For face recognition, this would involve an abstract of the persons facial features and the relationship among those features. However, first-order relational information is not enough to recognize faces simply noticing that cardinal eyes are above the nose, which is above the mouth, may be enough for recognition that something is a face but doesnt allow for recognition of who the face is.To recognize faces, we need second-order relational information. Second-order relational information involves comparing the first-order analysis to facial features of a typical, or average, face. This typical face is built up through experi ence and serves as an implicit standard against which we compare the faces we see. Inverting a face disrupts the encoding of second-order relational information When we deal with information, we do so in steps.One way to think of this is to picture the process of acquiring, retaining, and using information as an activity called information processing Information comes from the outside world into the sensory registers in the human brain. This enter consists of things perceived by our senses. We are not consciously sensible of most of the things we perceive we become aware of them only if we consciously direct our attention to them. When we do focus our attention on them, they are located in our working recollection. (Education, 2011)Even when perceivers are presented with stimuli in suboptimal conditions, the face-processing system is still capable of extracting categorical familiarity in a rapid and accurate manner. Third, category activation is sensitive to the typicality of g roup members. Incategorical thinking quite a little identify with groups who they are familiar with. Analyze the role of encoding and retrieval processes involved with long-run memory and how this affects face recognition. Early perceptual processes (and their associated products) also appear to play an important contributory role to the genesis of categorical thinking.Categorization is a fundamental property of the brain. Categorical thinking streamlines most aspects of person percept, including decisiveness making, memorial functioning, and attention processing(Cloutier, 2005). People are skilled with various levels of understanding along with other social agents. From only a few visual cues, a person isable to processdetailed impressions of others, identify the sex, emotional status, and identity of conspecifics and deduct the hidden internal states (example. goals, intentions) that create their plan of purpose.In social cognition, the two basic processes that serves or prom otes aperson perception are categorization and individuation . Individuation, in contrast to categorization, the individualisticview other people not as members of clean-cut social groups but rather as unique entities. Individuals areguided by two distinct cognitive processes. These two processes operate at the early stages of a persons perception, relevant with the process of object recognition. The individual is capable ofmaking individual judgments about stimuli corresponding to prior perceptual experience.As part of the face recognition process, a face must activate a face recognition unit a stored commission of that face in memory. If activated, the person is recognized asfamiliar. Next, the face recognition unitmust activate the person identity node which stores biographical information about the person. If activated, this biographical information becomes available (Robinson-Riegler, 2008). Prior to the retrieval of information from long-term memory, however, a great deal o f social-cognitive processing has already taken place. perceivers have resolved the perceptual buzz off of identifying social agents from available visual cues.This includes, but is not restricted to faces. (Cloutier, Discuss at least two possible errors that can occur with face recognition, such as misidentification and self-recognition. Our knowledge of our own face seems indwelling from our general knowledge of self andwho we are as individuals, our likes and dislikes, our personal history. Unconscious transference, occurs when a witness give-up the ghost to identify or distinguish between a target person,for example, falselyidentifying aneyewitnessmay result to imprisonment of an innocent person Robinson-Riegler, 2008). As individuals we confront the world with our faces, from the time of birth to the time of death. The age and gender of a personare printed on their faces. Emotions are expressed in a persons facial expressions. The open and instinctive emotions that Darwin wr ote about, as well as the hidden or repressed ones that Freud wrote about, are displayed on our faces, along with our thoughts and intentions. People have physical attractions toward each other, a person may admire the physical attributes such as arms, and legs.In spite of what draws one attention, the face is the first and last that is judged, whether it is beautifulin an aesthetic sense, fine or distinguished in a moral or intellectual sense. The face of an individual definesa person character and experience. Face recognition is crucially important for humans, and the vast majority of us are able to identify thousands of faces individually, or to easily pick out familiar faces in a crowdProsopagnosia or topographical amnesia are lifelong conditions that does not decrease as one grows older.

African American Characteristics Paper Essay

African the Statesn shade in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of Americans of African descent to the finishing of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African American culture is grow in the historical hump of the African American people. The culture is some(prenominal) distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in Africa. It is a blend of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures.Although slain truth greatly restricted the mogul of Americans of African descent to practice their cultural traditions, many practices, values, and beliefs survived and e realwhere clipping have modified or blended with European American culture. thither argon some facets of African American culture that were accentuated by the slavery period. The result is a unique and dynamic culture that has had and continues to have a profound tint on mainstream American culture, as closely as the culture of the broader world (Rydell, 2010).Learning Team B has chosen African Americans as the culturally diverse collection we will focus on. The subjects in this written report will be African American floor, family characteristics, parenting practices, actors line, and religion. Also, the primary characteristics of African Americans and how those characteristics concern their experience as a subculture in American Society will be a topic. The last topic will be the implications of the characteristics for mental theories and practices. History African Americans are the descendants of Africans brought to America during the slavery era.Many were owned as property and forced to work as day laborers in the fields or as servants in their owners homes. Others were allowed to work off their debts by being bough and sold on the thrust. An phrase titled The Slave Auction of 1859 gives a brief account of what it was to be sold on the block The b uyers, who were present to the number of about two hundred, clustered around the platform while the Negroes, who were non liable(predicate) to be immediately wanted, ga on that pointd into sad hosts in the background to watch the progress of the selling in which they were so sorrowfully interested.The wind howled outside, and through the open side of the building the driving rain came dis mystify in the bar down stairs ceased for a short time its brisk trade the buyers well-lighted fresh cigars, got ready their catalogues and pencils, and the first lot of human chattels are led upon the stand, not by a white man, but by a sleek mulatto, himself a slave, and who seems to regard the selling of his brethren, in which he so glibly assists, as a capital joke. It had been announced that the Negroes would be sold in families, that is to record a man would not be parted from his wife, or a mother from a very young child.There is perhaps as much policy as humanity in this ar plodment, for thereby many aged and unserviceable people are disposed of, who otherwise would not find a ready sale (New York Daily Tribune, 1928). President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the acres approached its third year of civil war. The proclamation declared that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways.It applied notwithstanding to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the cabal that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. History pages ofttimes claim President Lincoln as The Great Emancipator which most educated adults come to mulct is an over exaggeration. The general consensus is that Lincoln never freed a single slave, and unl ess used the proclamation as a means to get what he wanted from the states.Once freed most African Americans still see racial violence and lived in fear for many years. In 1870 the fifteenth amendment was added to the constitution giving shadowys the overcompensate to vote. Although blacks were free they were still segregated from the white people, made to go to different schools, stores, and flush ride at the back of the bus. In 1954 the supreme courts declared segregation in school unconstitutional due to the dark-brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The civil right movement was at its peak during 1955-1965.Congress passed the cultivated Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ensuring basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycotts to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the huge March on Washington in 1963. In 1968 President Johnson signed the Civil Right act prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. some(a) of the most famous leader of the civil right movement includes Martin Luther King Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Rosa place and many others.Although civil rights were established many African American still struggled to be treated somewhat in America. Affirmative Action was established in 1978 by a ruling of the Supreme solicit to ensure that minorities are given an opportunity that they may have missed because of their race. In 2008 Barack Obama was the first African American to be nominated for a major party nominee for president. He was elected the forty-fourth President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. Family and Parenting Characteristics As with most cultures, African Americans place a high value on their families.In the United States African American familys determine 12. 9 portion of the population according to the 2003 US Census. The US census also shows that for African Americans over the age of 15 there are 34 percent married, five percent separated, el horizontal percent divorced, seven percent widowed, and 43 percent were never married. According to the world-class Things First website, African Americans are the most un-partnered group in America (Medium, 2011, para. 4). single major goal of African American families is communalism, which is very important for effective functioning (Hall, 2010).Hall (2010) describes African American families as having three family fibres. The first type is the glutinous-authoritative that is explained to be a family with high cohesion along with being supportive, nurturing, and involved with their children (Hall, 2010). The second type of family is the conflictive-authoritarian that is be as families with conflict and the parents are controlling, critical, and express unhappiness with children (Hall, 2010). The last type of family Hall (2010) explains is the defensive- neglectful, that did not wish other racial groups and also did not teach their children to be proud of being an African American.One significant trend that has been determined about the African American family structure is that the more interconnected the family is, the humble the rate of depression in African Americans (Hall, 2010). Based on these findings, a program called Strong African American Families has been created in order to strengthen the relationships between parents and children. According to Hall (2010), The Strong African American Families program also has been found to reduce pre teenager risky sexual behaviors, preadolescent alcohol use, and enatic depression among African American families (p.95).This kind of program has been very effective in keeping families cohesive and helping to improve the goal of communalism. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created classifiable language patterns. Slave owners o ftentimes intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to admonish communication in any language other than incline. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidginsimplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages can use to communicate.Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, super acid to Louisiana, and Gullah, common to the sea Islandsoff the coast of South Carolina and Georgia (Rydell, 2010). It is sad to think that slave owners intentionally put Africans with people who did not speak their language to discourage communication, but is have been researched and proven to be true. Slavery is not the only element to African American culture, and it often seems that when discussing African American culture slavery is the main topic.However, when discussing language the centuries of slavery that they endured have everything to do with the evolution of African-A merican language. Now that we have covered the origin of African American language we can discuss the American perspective of where modern day African American language stands, and how this effects the culture. African American jargoon English (AAVE)also called African American English less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)is an African American sorting(dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.Non-linguists sometimes call it Ebonics(a term that also has other meanings or wholesome connotations) or jive or jive-talk. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is utter by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States. There is little regional revolution among speakers of AAVE. Several creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford, argue that AAVE shares so many characteristics with Creole dialects spoke n by black people in much of the world that AAVE itself is a Creole dialect while others maintain that there are no significant parallels.As with all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting. There are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in African-American literature (Rydell, 2010). Of course this selective information does not imply that all African Americans speak a version of AAVE, only that it is very common and prevalent throughout the modern day African American culture. Religion In the African American community religion plays an extremely significant role. The story of African-American religion is a tale of variety and creative fusion.Enslaved Africans transported to the New World beginning in the fifteenth century brought with them a wide range of local religious beliefs and practices. This diversity reflected the many cultures and linguistic groups from which they had come. The majority came from the West Coast o f Africa, but even within this area religious traditions varied greatly. Islam had also exerted a powerful presence in Africa for several(prenominal) centuries before the start of the slave trade an estimated twenty percent of enslaved people were practicing Muslims, and some retained elements of their practices and beliefs well into the nineteenth century.Preserving African religions in North America proved to be very uncorrectable. The harsh circle under which most slaves livedhigh death rates, the separation of families and tribal groups, and the concerted effort of white owners to abolish heathen (or non-Christian) customsrendered the preservation of religious traditions difficult and often unsuccessful. Isolated songs, rhythms, movements, and beliefs in the curative powers of root and the efficacy of a world of spirits and ancestors did survive well into the nineteenth century.Historically during their most difficult times the African American relied on their religious belie fs to endure. During the civil rights movement black churches were often the stern of racial violence because that was a place that African Americans spent most of their time. This was a place where they often held meetings to discuss their civil rights efforts. African Americans practice a number of religions, but Protestant Christianity is by distant the most prevalent. Some African and African American also follow the Muslim and Judaism.According to Fife, Kilgour, jog and Adegoke (2010), African sacred traditions have historically held a central place in African American communalism (Mbiti, 1990) and were vital to survival during the time of slavery. In African and African American culture the concept of church property is inseparable from all other aspects of human experience. The spiritual and the physical are indistinguishable (Mbiti, 1990). A boneheaded connection exists between humans, God, family, and group (Barrett, 1974).Spirituality is not compartmentalized into sys tematized beliefs and practices but woven into everyday experience (Boyd Franklin, 1989). The Black church is the primary means through which many African Americans express their religious and spiritual beliefs and values (Richardson & June, 1997). This institution is a central force in African American childhood and adolescent identity and helps to shape ideas about what comprises community. Many African American children have christen ceremonies for they can even walk or talk.African American families generally spend a substantial amount of time within their places of worship. Conclusion For review, the big questions the above research addressed were What are the primary cultural characteristics of this selected group? How do the characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society? How index the cultural aspects of this group be applied to traditional psychological possibleness? What are the implications of these characteristics for psycholog ical theory and practice?We have found that the primary cultural characteristics of the African America culture are their history of slavery in America, distinct family and parenting practices, slavery based evolution of their language, and their dedicated religious beliefs. The characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society by enticing others in to the culture and sparking curiosity around the world. African Americans make up a small percentage of the minority in America. However African American culture dominates the world of music, fashion, and professional sports.The cultural aspects of the African American group can be applied to traditional psychological theory when considering family dynamics, cultural perspectives, and how these aspects influence mental health. The implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice would focus on how the African American history of slavery in America influences their world vie w, how family and parenting practices mold their ideals of what a family should be, how religion influences their beliefs and actions, and how language distinguishes them from others and what psychological impact this has on them as a whole.For many years African-American culture developed separately from mainstream American culture, both because of slavery and the sedulousness of racial discrimination in America, as well as African-American slave descendants require to create and maintain their own traditions. Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. References Fife, J. , McCreary, M. , Kilgour, J. , Canter, D. , & Adegoke, A. (2010). Self Identification Among African American and Caucasian College Students. College Student Journal, 44(4), 994. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural psychology (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. Medium . (2011). First Things First. Retrieved from http//firstthings. org/page/research/african-american-family-facts New York Daily Tribune, March 9, 1859 reprinted in Hart, Albert B. , American History Told by propagation v. 4 (1928). Retrieved from http//eyewitnesstohistory. com Rydell, R. J. , Hamilton, D. L. , & Devos, T. (2010). NOW THEY ARE AMERICAN, NOW THEY ARE NOT VALENCE AS A causal factor OF THE INCLUSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY. Social Cognition, 28(2), 161-179. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Brain and Social Learning Theory Essay

1. What aspect of mannerism do it attr expeditious to critics of the psychoanalytical perspective? How did Pi festerts possibility respond to a major terminal point of conductism? Psychoanalytic possibleness emphasized on the individuals unique life. However the surmisal was criticized because many of its ideas were too un noniceable to be mea reliabled or tested for. They mainly focused on case studies. Behaviorism micklevass directly observable behaviors by dint of stimuli and responses, thus al belittleding researchers to be measure and test behaviors. Piagets theory admit the biological aspect of learning in a churls development, which was a major limitation in behaviorism. He as well argued that babyren take an active part in their learning.2. Although complaisant learning theory focuses on social development and Piagets theory on cognitive development, each has enhanced our reasonableness of other domains. Mention an additional domain addressed by each theory.Soc ial learning theory is also cognize as imitation or observable learning, it is a powerful source of development. Bandura made coarse contributions to the social learning theory. His experiment explicateed the reasoning behind wherefore fryren modeled others. Children imitated others base on their history of reinforcement or punishment for a behavior. He then revised his theory because apprehension also played a huge role in this theory. He theory soon to be known as the social-cognitive theory. Social-cognition theory is the view that people learn by watching others. Inpsychology, it explains temper in terms of how a person thinks about and responds to ones social surround. Children in stages be keep up much than selective with imitation because through watching others self-praise or self find fault and through feedback, a child develops personal standards and self-efficacy. (belief that their own abilities allow help them succeed). In Piagets cognitive-development, a s ocial aspect mess be recognized in his stages.He believed that childrens learning depended on reinforces, for exercise rewards from adults. Piagetbelieved that as the sensation develops, a childs experience expands. He characterized these stages into four broader stages based on distinct ways of thinking (sensorimotor/preoperational/concrete operational/formal operational). Not only did he explore how children understood the physical world, but he also looked into their reasoning of the social world. Through evolution the stages, it also sparked the research for how children saw themselves, other people and gays relationship.3. A 4-year-old becomes frightened of the dark and refuses to go to sleep at night. How would a psychoanalyst and a behaviouristic differ in their views of how this problem highly-developed?A psychoanalyst believes that fears argon from experienced events or the fear is a symbol of something that happened in the past. So if a child was afraid of the dark maybe the child was left at a four-year-old age and is afraid of being alone. Freud theorized that all phobias be a direct result of unresolved conflicts amid the id and the superego. The id is the part of our headings that acts solely based on senses, while the superego is our conscience, the part of our brain that acts based on value judgements acting contrarily to the judgements of the superego will wee-wee a sense of guilt, andthat sense of guilt move expire to unwanted behavior, like phobic behavior. More specifically, Freud theorized that phobias result from the superego repressing the desires of the id, and one of the most common repressions is the desire.A behaviorist believes that a child acts a indisputable way due to a response that has been rewarded. In other words if the child acts scared of the dark, he or she is expecting to be able to have a light on or be comforted by the adult. That is what happened the previous cartridge clip. According to a behaviori st the way a child reacts to something can be ultimately come acrossed by conditioning. To explain why the child has now become afraid of the dark, many would look to the parents for an answer.If the child relates an event or g everyplacenment agency that happened in the dark it may then cause a long lasting fear in that childs mind. An example could be something as simple as a book that the childs father read about monsters under the bed which could then trinity the child to believe that there really are monsters under their own bed. A behaviorist would suggest for the parent to reassure the child that being in the dark is in event not scary and reinforce the idea until the child lets go of this fear. Behaviorists will want to diffuse the behavior and then educate the child on how to control that behavior.4. Explain how each of the following recent abstractive perspective regards children as active contributors to their own development information-processing, evolutionary deve lopmental psychology, Vygotskys sociocultural theory, ecological systems theory, and dynamic systems perspective. Information processing The theory states that at the time information is presented to the senses at input until it emerges as a behavioural response at output. The information we obtain is continuously being coded for, transformed and organized. so children actively engage in thinking processes where they decided what action they should pursue for the task they are accomplishing. evolutionary development Focuses on seeking understanding the adaptive values of species-wide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as they falsify with age. Evolutionary psychologist believes that humans large brain and extended childhood resulted from the need to cut through multiplexities of human group life. Therefore, newborns play an active role as they continue to grow and explore the world virtually them. The brain continues to be stimulated through experiences that stoma ch to many other factors such as emotion and social interaction. Vygotskys Sociocultural theory Children actively acquire their ways of thinking and behavior that ferment up communitys culture through social interaction. In point through intercourse with knowledgeable members of society. Adults and peers help children captain culturally meaningful events. Children are active and constructive beings, but in regards to Vygotskys theory, cognitive development relies more(prenominal) so on social interaction. Ecological Systems Theory Focuses on a bidirectionalrelationship between the child and aspects in his environment from four aims the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and macrosystem. The child is an active contributor to their environment through the bi-directionality of their relationship with their environment. For example, aneasy-going and happy child will receive more arrogant stimulation from their parents, and other aspects of the environment. dynamic systems perspective- It is a system that combines the childs mind, clay and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. Stage like transformations occur as children shake up their behavior so components of the system work as a functioning whole.5. wherefore talent a researcher choose unified observation over naturalistic observation? How about the reverse? What might lead the researcher to opt for clinical interviewing over systematic observation?Researchers may choose structured observation over naturalistic observation due to their ability to control the experiment. In naturalistic observations, researchers are limited to observe particular behavior in everyday life, due to the limitations of this technique. By setting up a lab situation, structured observations allow the researchers are able to evoke the behavior of interest and also allowing participants an equal opportunity for them to display the reaction. One would choose cli nical interviewing over systematic observation for several(prenominal) reasons. Clinical interviewing allows participants to think as close as possible to their everyday lives and large amounts of information can be collected in a short period of time. Whereas in systematic observation the verity of the study can be cut big bucks by observer influence and observer bias.6. Explain why, although a research method must be reliable to be valid, reliability does notguarantee validity. reliability is referred to consistency or repeatability of a measures of behavior. In order to be reliable, observations and evaluations cannot be unique to a wholeness observer. Reliability does not guarantee validity, because reliability cannot be measured. For it to be a valid study, the experiment must be able to be measured. Often times, it is difficult to measure clinical and ethnographic studies because it does not bring back quantitative scores. In order to guarantee validity researchers must examine the content of the observations and self-reports to make sure all behaviors of interest are included. In regards to research designs, there are two broader types of validity used. upcountry validity refers to the participant influencing the result, but not any other unwanted variable. Whereas external validity refers to the termination that research can be brokerralized or extended to others.7. Why are natural experiments less(prenominal) precise than laboratory and field experiments? Often times when researchers cannot randomly assign participants or manipulate conditions in the real world, they use the natural experiment to avoid these limitations. Natural experiment use treatments that already exist, which are compared. The participants are carefully picked for groups in order to get the most similar characteristic. Creating an opportunity for the desired situation can prove problematic in a naturalistic experiment..There also isnt a way to have a control in a natural experiment, so the results cannot be compared as easily. Natural experiments are less precise because it is harder to isolate one variable than in a laboratory or field experiment. In field experiments, participants are randomly assigned to treatment condition in a natural setting. However in laboratory experiments, researchers assigned participants equally to two or more treatment conditions. There are two variables being tested for, independent and dependent variables. They are categorised through events and behaviors of interest.8. Explain how cohort effects can distort the findings of both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. How does the resultant design reveal cohort effects? The cohort effects both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies because it dismisses their findings because it does not represent the entire population. In longitudinal studies, there are chances of a bias sampling whence the participants in this particular experiment may only representthe popula tion who are interested in this experiment.Often times, selective attrition takes place where participants both drop out or withdrawal from the experiment. longitudinal may study diametric ages over time, but it does not take into consideration of the participants in different cultures. Whereas in the cross-sectional studies, it doesnt account for an individuals development, since people are studied in groups this causes a cohort effect. Through sequential design, cohort effects can be dismissed by comparing multiple experiments which present the same ages at different years. If both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are similar, comparisons of both experiments can too be compared and further adding confidence to the data.9. Cite evidence indicating that both brokertic endowment and environment contribute to the development of children with PKU and Down syndrome.PKU is caused by the inheritance of two recessive allele alleles which causes inhibit individuals from digesting the amino acid, phenylalanine. If left untreated, the child can become mentally retarded by the of age 1. However, in the US, all babies are given a blood test for PKU and if the disease is found, the child is placed on a diet low in phenylalanine. Even the smallest amount of phenylalanine can be damaging. Children with PKU a lot show deficits in cognitive skills like memory, planning, decision making, and problem solving. If the diet low in phenylalanine is kept persistent than those affected by PKU can show average lore and normal development.stDown Syndrome is caused by inheriting an extra 21chromosome. Brian studies of those affectedby down syndrome shows reduced brain size, along with mental retardation, memory, and speech problems, and slow motor development. Most individuals affected by down syndrome who live over the age of 40 usually contract alzheimers, which is linked to the 21st chromosome. Environmental factors that could affect down syndrome are the mothers age and h ealth. Children with Down syndrome smile less readily, show unforesightful eye contact, and explore less than those without. For this reason, it is very important for caregivers to encourage their child to be more active in theirsurroundings. This encouragement can help them to develop improve. These children also benefit from intervention programs, which helps them develop better socially and emotionally, however not as much intellectually.10. Referring to ecological systems theory, explain why parents of children with genetic disorders often experience increased stress. What factors, within and beyond the family, can help these parents support their childrens development? In the ecological system, the relationship between the child and and the parents (part of the mesosystem) is seen as bidirectional. The parents of child with genetic disorders would intuitive feeling increased pressure and stress from their child, because the may demand more from theirenvironment. The parents can benefit from support from triplet parties outside of their system. However, its also important that parents receive support within their system, their spouse. Children with genetic disorders tend to have behavioral issues that could affect their parents marriage. If the parents have an un steadfast relationship, it can cause problems for the child. If the parents have a stable relationship, than more positive attitudes will be projected towards the child.Positive attitudes will positively invasion the childs development. It is also helpful for a family to have a positive neighborhood connections and environment, especially in low income families, for support. 11. Why is the period of the conceptus regarded as the most striking prenatal period? Why is the period of the fetus called the growth and finishing cast? The period of the embryo is regarded as the most dramatic prenatal period because this is the most rapid prenatal changes. During this stage, the groundwork is laid out for all body structures and internal organs. Since all parts are developing, this would be consider the most vulnerable stage for the embryo and it would be most susceptible to teratogens and serious defects. The period of the fetus is referred to as growth and finishing phase because this is the stage in where the beingness is rapidly growing in size. Not only will the organism grow rapidly in size during the fetus period, but towards the end of pregnancy will account the finishing product aft(prenominal) the fetus is fully grown. the muscle and nervous system become more refined. Sex of the fetus can also be detected.12. Howis brain development related to fetal capacities and behavior? What implications do individual differences in fetal behavior have for the babys temperament after birth? The human brain is not fully developed at birth much human brain development continues after birth. Nevertheless, a baby is not a blank slate they come equipped with a surprising range o f abilities and capacities. Babies have the beginnings of sophisticated sensory capabilities sensitive to range of frequencies of womens voices sensitive sense of smell.Brain development is related to fetal capacities and behavior because babies come into the world with a built-in learning capacities that permits them to only profit from experience immediately. Infants are only capable of two prefatorial forms of learning, classical and operant learning. They also learn through natural preferences for novel stimulation and eventually through observing others. Infants have an impressive statistical learning where they can rapidly analyze speech well out for patterns. The acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they can start to talk. Immediately after birth, babies demonstrate differences in temperament (inclination to engage in a certain style of behavior) Approach (react positively to new stimuli) vs. withdrawal (react negatively to new stimuli, i.e. address, fuss, etc.) Easy (dont cry as often, not as demanding) vs. difficult (fussy, demanding) Some aspects of temperament tend to remain stable over the course of development, as a result of early nurturing experiences13. What is epigenesis, and how does it differ from geneenvironment interaction and geneenvironment correlational statistics? Provide an example of each.Gene-environment interaction means that because of a persons genetic-makeup, individuals differ in responses to qualities environment. For example, in an experiment to test intelligence, Ben would score a higher score as the foreplay was enriched, whereas Lindas would rise and then fall sharply due to the enriched stimulus and Ron would only respond to the environment as it becomes more stimulating.Gene-environment correlation is a concept that states our that our genesinfluence our environments. There are three categories to explain this idea. Passive correlation refers to a child having no control over their genes and the environment. Instead, parents play a huge role in passive correlation for they may encourage their to be athletic because they both grew up playing sports, thus assuming their child would too have the same preference. Evocative correlation refers to the responses a child elicit from others are influenced through heredity.Thus this stimulation strengthens the childs original style. For example an active baby will gain more attention and social stimulation than a child who is passive and quiet. Active correlation refers to children being actively engaged in their experience and environment. This is process that is depict as niche-picking. Both of these theories focus on a one direction exchange. Epigenesis sees development as a bidirectional exchange, the environment influencing the genes and the genes influencing the environment.For example, an aggression gene found on the X chromosome in males showed no correlation of them being more aggressive tha n the ones without the gene, UNLESS, the child with the gene was exposed to child abuse. The combination of both the gene and the environmental factors contribute to the expression of aggression. The more aggressive a child acts, the more maternal yellow bile or criticism they would receive, this shows how the environment can act on a gene and vice versa. outdoor(a) and internal stimulation both affect the expression of a gene. 14. How do the diverse capacities of newborn babies contribute to their jump social relationships?Newborns are considered to have plastic brains because they are able to mold into their environment or recover from traumatic experiences due to the plasticity of their brain. Neurons are yet assigned a location in the brain to perform specific functions, thence their first social interaction is crucial in the first few moments that newborns are brought into the world. Their first social relationship is extremely important to create a chemical bond with whom the child first meets, for example, their mother.15. Cite evidence that motor development is a joint product of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.Environmental Parental encouragement plays a huge role in a childsmotivation to complete the task they set forth to accomplish. With constant praise and reinforcement, a child will continue to strive to complete more tasks. As new skills are being acquired, there is a joint process occurringwhen mastery these motor skills. The central nervous system, body movement capacities, the goal the child has in mind and the environment supports the skill being developed. Biologically In the early weeks of life brain and body growth are especially important as infants achieve control over the head, shoulders, and upper torso.Psychological Through curiosity, a baby will be motivated to explore their surroundings, therefore desiring to master new task. A babys goal to get a toy or point of intersection the room will motivate th em to accomplish the task. Through multiple attempts and practice, the infant will eventually master that particular motor skill and continue to integrate and redefined their already mastered skill.16. Explain why either too much stimulation or too little stimulation over an extended time negatively disrupts early development.Early stimulation and late stimulation can both be evil to newborns. Early stimulation on newborns can enhance one specific skill, but also interrupt many other skills in future development. Stimulation too late in development can also hinder skills because they lag behind other developmenting babies due the lack of stimulation. This refers to the developmental aspect of the brain where pruning occurs. Information that is not stimulated enough that is crucial for further development will be negatively affected.17. What implications do findings on children from Eastern European orphanages have for the controversy over the lasting impact of early experiences on development? Studies done on children adopted from Romanian orphanages show significant findings in their physical and cognitive development. The majority of the orphans adopted before 6 months that were adopted all catch up in physical and cognitive development.Whereas, babies who were adopted after the 6 months period were unable to catch up physically and cognitively, which subsequently impaired their intellectualabilities. Thus the findings found indicate that early, prolonged institualization leads to a reason out reduction in activity in the cerebral cortex, especially in the prefrontal cortex which governs complex cognition and impulse control. 18. How does stimulation affect brain development? Cite evidence at the level of neurons and at the level of the cerebral cortex.Stimulation is vital when the brain is growing most rapidly. Stimulation allows the neurons to create synapses within the brain to stored newly learned information. However, information which are continuall y stimulated will more likely to remain in long term memory rather those that are not, also known as pruning Formation of synapses are most rapid during the first 2 years, especially in auditory, visual and language areas.The cerebral cortex is the largest brain structure and the last structure to stop growing, therefore it is the more sensitive to environmental influences. It also contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses. The prefrontal is responsible for movement and thought, this particular area in the brain undergoes rapid myelination and formation and pruningof synapses during preschool and school years also followed by another accelerated growth in adolescence, when it reaches an adult level of synaptic connections.