Acient Greece the Two Superpowers, Athens and Sparta Essay Sample free essay sample

In ancient Greece there were two world powers. Athinais and Sparta. They coexisted in Greece with their ain span of power in Greece along with many Alliess. These world powers were both really good known for their power and besides their arrant differences. They. of class. had tensenesss between them due to differences in their ways of life. particularly their authoritiess. and the rivaling each other because they were both the best in their ain ways among all other Grecian poleis. Tensions continued to construct up and Athens was spread outing all over Greece and the paranoia of Sparta grew. Finally the Spartans’ paranoia was excessively great and was a major ground for the Peloponnesian War along with the fact they had really different authoritiess. Athens was a â€Å"progressive. democratic metropolis. † [ 1 ] The major stairss toward democracy were introduced by the reforms of the Athenian swayer. Solon. Although Solon had major impact on Athens’ authorities. We will write a custom essay sample on Acient Greece: the Two Superpowers, Athens and Sparta Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Athens was besides influenced by oppressive regulation because. throughout Grecian history. Athens was ruled by archons. A major portion of Athenian authorities was the Council of the Areopagus. They. the Areopagus. were one time the â€Å"central regulating organic structure of Athens. † [ 2 ] but by the clip of the Peloponnesian war they were reduced to holding control of seeking condemnable instances. One important power that they held was that they were the lone 1s able to show any affairs to the Assembly. The council members of the Areopagus consisted of work forces that were elected by the Assembly. [ 3 ] The assembly was the â€Å"sole legislative organic structure and exercised control over disposal and court. † [ 4 ] Any citizen was allowed to do suggestions every bit long as they were non traversing any lines. The Assembly consisted of work forces that had to be 18 old ages of age. If the assembly did non give permission for a new jurisprudence. it would non be able to go an official jurisprudence until approved by the Assembly. Sparta. unlike Athens. was a â€Å"conservative. even reactionist. oligarchy. † [ 5 ] Similar to the Council of the Areopagus. Sparta had the Council of the Elders. besides known as the Gerousia. The Gerousia was made up of two male monarchs that reigned over Sparta and 20 blue bloods who were required to be over the age of 60 old ages. The blue bloods were chosen by citizens. which showed some sort of democracy in the Spartan authorities. A group in Sparta that may hold been even more important the Gerousia and the assembly. was the Ephorate. They consisted of five Spartan work forces who â€Å"practically guided all facets of Spartan life. † [ 6 ] They had regulation over the military and. like the President of the United States. they had the power of blackballing anything proposed by either the Gerousia or the Assembly. Spartan kids were. fundamentally. the belongings of the province. The babes were observed by the Gerousia to see if they were fit to be Spartan citizens. If a babe was non fit to be a Spartan citizen. he was to be left outside on a mountain to decease. If a babe was found fit. he was left to be raised by the parents until the 6th or 7th twelvemonth of his life. When the male child turned seven he would hold to go forth his place and start school with other Spartan male childs until they were twenty old ages old. The schooling was highly rigorous and taught the male childs subject. [ 7 ] As Spartan work forces finished their preparation at the age of 20. they were still required to eat at a communal muss. When the work forces reached the age of 30 they were allowed to get down a household and have a place of their ain. Even though the work forces were able to hold their ain places and have a household. they were all required to eat at a communal muss. [ 8 ] Similar to Spartan work forces. the adult females were besides required to take portion in physical preparation. The Spartans believed that if the adult female was physically fit that she would be able to give birth to a kid who is besides strong and wellness. [ 9 ] Unlike anyplace else in Greece. Spartan adult females exercised much more freedom than those in other provinces. The adult females of Sparta were taught to read and compose as opposed to Athenian adult females. It was looked down upon in Athens to learn a adult female to read and compose. Athenian adult female were besides able to command her ain belongings and even take over her husband’s estate while he was at war. [ 10 ] Women in Sparta were much more equal to work forces than the adult females in Athens. There were major differences in the general ways of life between the two world powers. but the major difference was their authoritiess. Spartans regulations over a huge population of non-Spartan citizens. They maintained order by prohibiting Spartan citizens to take part in trade but they. in bend. were â€Å"supported by the labour of the serfs. while commercialism was in the manus of dependent Alliess. † [ 11 ] The Athenians had more democratic and free ways of managing their province. An interesting and really democratic attack that Athenians had was the council of 500. The council of 500 consisted of 100 members of each folk and they held meetings that would discourse public policy. This system gave every citizen some sort of satisfaction that they were able to hold a say in how things were to travel. [ 12 ] The Spartans would non allow a imperfect. democratic province like Athens take control of Sparta and force upon them a democratic authorities and free the oligarchy that the Spartans’ authorities was based on. The Spartans believed in rigorous military preparation. which shows why they would neer let Athens regulation over them. The Athenians were non about militaristic lives and subject. Athenians enjoyed the humanistic disciplines. such as theatre and comfort life. The Spartans did non back up. what Americans refer to every bit. power of the people. They believed that it was a unsafe sort of authorities system. [ 13 ] They were convinced that their manner of life was the right manner and gave them Security. Their oligarchy gave them the comfort that they had control of the province and that neighbouring people. the Helots. were capable to the Spartans and there was order within the oligarchy. They merely would non accept a reform of democracy in their land and were willing t o contend for it every bit shortly as they felt adequate menace. in which they did. After the Persian War. where Athens and Sparta had important functions in conveying down the Persians. tensenesss between the two provinces grew over clip. [ 14 ] The success of Athens was doing Athens to go more imperialistic in its ends. Thucydides stated that â€Å"the two sides were at the really tallness of their power†¦ and the remainder of the Hellenic universe was committed to one side or the other. † [ 15 ] This would that the ground that the Spartans feared the Athens’ turning imperialism because the Athenians were non leting other Grecian poleis to regulate themselves and make up ones mind how they would manage affairs in their ain provinces. Thucydides seemed to be deducing that the Spartans invaded Athens because â€Å"they feared the Athenians lest they might turn still more powerful. seeing most of Greece was already capable to them. † [ 16 ] Of class. if the Spartans did non take to step in and war against Athens they would lose their Alliess and finally their manner of life to the Athenians who were seeking to change over the remainder of Greece and other districts to democracy. There was competition among Sparta and Athens. This was inevitable because these two super powers controlled most of Greece. Warfare was to go inevitable unless either Athens or Sparta decided to subject to the other. Neither one was willing to make such a thing. particularly Sparta with their powerful ground forces. â€Å"Rightly or wrongly. the combat was assumed to be a concluding arbiter of the contrasting values of each. Which would turn out to be the more feasible political orientation: cultural liberalism or a tough. insular conservativism? Does an unfastened society reap military advantages from its liberalness or succumb to a licence terra incognita in a regimented and militaristic oligarchy? And who is the most resourceful in an asymmetrical war when both sides either can non or will non confront each other in conventional conflict: the ships of a ‘whale’ like imperial Athens or the heavy ground forcess of the ‘elephant’ Sparta? † [ 17 ] The Spartans and Athens both believed themselves to be figure one states in Greece. The fright to be inferior to the Athenians is displayed by the Peloponnesian War because. although. Sparta could hold made peace. it made the determination to come in war with Athens. Sparta was known to hold the best ground forces in Greece and so they would non stand to lose that rubric against the Athenians who were beleaguering provinces all over Greece and presenting as a menace to the Spartan manner of life in the Peloponnese. The fright of non being superior was non the lone drive fright for war againstAthinais. but Athens’ hungriness for democracy abroad created the stepping rocks toward war. The Athenians started to â€Å"combine its lecherousness for power with a extremist political orientation of support for democracy abroad. † [ 18 ] which convinced the Spartans that the Athenians would shortly pervert the â€Å"hearts and heads of Greeks everyplace. † [ 19 ] This exact realisation brought more paranoia and fright to Sparta and was another ground for Sparta to war against Athens. The Spartans had every ground to fear because their decision of Athens perverting Grecian heads was right. Athens had an highly strong democracy that would non fall easy. The influence of Athenian democracy had already spread through the Aegean and Asia Minor and the Spartans were to the full cognizant of this fact. [ 20 ] Not merely were abroad states being influenced with democracy. but oligarchs on Samos were crushed. This act of oppressing. at the clip. present oligarchs earnestly enraged Spartan leaders and built up the fright that the Spartans had because of Athens’ spread outing imperium. Another act of the Athenians was when they besieged Potidaea and so forced upon the province democratic authorities. The Spartans were â€Å"convinced that [ Athens ] represented a systematic and unsafe new aggression. † [ 21 ] A quotation mark from a Spartan shows the concern the Spartans felt about the enlargement of Athens’ democracy and power: â€Å"The long addresss of the Athenians I do non understand at all†¦ . Vote hence. Lacedaemonians. for war as the award of Sparta demand and do non let Athens to go excessively powerful. à ¢â‚¬  [ 22 ] No affair how small the Athenian action or words. the Spartans were non swayed. for they strongly believed that Athens was going wholly excessively influential and powerful for the good of Sparta. The fright that the Spartans felt from the Athenians boiled down to the issue of security for their manner of life. The war was waged because the Spartans felt that their security was at hazard to the Athenians who were going really imperialistic and coercing other provinces and districts to change over to a more Athenian manner of life. The Athenians’ power worried the Spartans and the Spartans had every ground to worry. The Athenians were top notch and it would be hard to attend them if they waited to hanker to move because provinces around Sparta were already being besieged. The sheer difference of positions and authorities was a major lending factor to why the Spartans refused the imperialistic conquering of Athens. They saw how the Athenians were so powerful throughout the old ages and even how they threw out the original ways in neighbouring provinces to reform to a democratic authorities as their ain. These major differences between the oligarchic Spartans and the democratic Athenians and the Spartans’ fright of the turning power of the Athenians baleful Spartan security caused the Peloponnesian war. Bibliography Ancient Grecian Civilizations: Sparta. ( November 20. 2009 ) .Ancient Grecian Civilizations: Spartan Women. ( November 20. 2009 ) . Bagnall. Nigel. The Peloponnesian War: Athinais. Sparta. and the Struggle for Greece. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2006. Blackwell. Christopher W. The Council of the Areopagus. The Stoa: A Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities. ( January 26. 2006 ) . Hanson. Victor Davis. A War Like No Other. New York: Random House Inc. . 2005. Sansone. David. Ancient Grecian Civilization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. Tsoukalidis. Edward. Sparta: Journal of Ancient Spartan and Greek History. Vol. 3. No. 1. ( January 2007 ) . ———————–[ 1 ] David Sansone. Ancient Grecian Civilization ( Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009 ) . p. 123. [ 2 ] Christopher W. Blackwell. â€Å"The Council of the Areopagus† ( The Stoa: A Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities. 2003 ) . p. 1. [ 3 ] Nigel Bagnall. The Peloponnesian War: Athinais. Sparta. and the Struggle for Greece ( New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2006 ) p. 62. [ 4 ] Bagnall. p. 63. [ 5 ] Bagnall. p. 64.[ 6 ] Ancient Greek Civilizations: Sparta ( November 20. 2009 ) . p. 1. [ 7 ] Bagnall. p. 65.[ 8 ] Sansone. p. 128.[ 9 ] Sansone. p. 128-129.[ 10 ] Ancient Greek Civilizations: Spartan Women ( November 20. 2009 ) . p. 1.[ 11 ] Sansone. p. 128.[ 12 ] Sansone. p. 134-135.[ 13 ] Victor Davis Hanson. A War Like No Other ( New York: Random House. Inc. . 2005 ) . p. 14. [ 14 ] Sansone. p. 123.[ 15 ] Edward Tsoukalidis. Sparta: Journal of Ancient Spartan and Greek History. Vol. 3. No. 1. ( January 2007 ) . p. 23. [ 16 ] Hanson. p. 12.[ 17 ] Hanson. p. 6.[ 18 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 19 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 20 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 21 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 22 ] Hanson. p. 15.

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Carrie Collins Donnie Harris Rosemary Sullivan TESL 5230 – SLA October 14, 2010 Case Study Outline Case Study Outline 1. Introduction Does TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) enhance student learning and growth in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) when used with Middle School students of English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) when teaching map skills? (Per Grade Level Expectation SS5 1. 4, 1. 5 a. Locate states of the United States) Purpose of Study In studying SLA we explored the benefits of various approaches that have been used over the years to teach a second language. For many years schools relied on a Traditional Approach when teaching almost every subject including a second language. By Traditional Approach we mean that the teacher lectures and shows new topics while the students sit quietly in their seats listening, repeating, memorizing, doing assignments, taking tests, and interacting very little with each other or the teacher. (Wikipedia. org) One of the newer approaches, TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE, introduced by James Asher in 1977, is based on the observations of children learning their first language. This involves use of the five senses along with body movements in activities designed to activate right-brain function. Asher believed that use of the right-brain, which includes much listening and acting, enables the needed processing of language in the left-brain. TPR also emphasizes fun, along with a more relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere in the classroom. (Brown, 2007) Past Research on Topic Asher, J. (2010). A new note about tpr. Proceedings of Project Coach, www. tpr-world. com Brown, H. D. (2007). Principals of anguage learning and teaching: fifth edition. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Krashen, S. (1998). Tpr: still a very good idea [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://ipisun. jpte. hu/-joe. novelty Mohammed, R. (2009, July 28). Total physical response [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://myenglishpages. com/blog/total-physical-response Renshaw, J. D. (2007). Total physical response. Retrieved from Onlineenglish. net Shearon, B. (2004). James asherâ€⠄¢s total physical response: a short introduction. www. c-english. com/files/tpr. df Tomlinson, B. Masuhara, H. (2009, July). Playing to learn: a review of physical games in second language acquisition. Simulation Gaming. 40(5), Retrieved from http://wwwsagepub. com/content/40/5/645. Traditional Education (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Traditional_education Subjects Our subjects were three sixth grade girls from the International Welcome School (IWS). They were recommended highly by their teacher, LaShonda Terry, because of their similar educational background experience, English proficiency and academic levels. According to their composite scores on the MAC II English proficiency screening test, given a year ago, all three placed at the basic beginner level. Their Student Academic Survey (SAS) indicated that all the girls have previously received formal education. On their most recent screening assessment for English proficiency, the WIDA ACCESS Plac ement Test (W-APT), all three students scored at the mid to high range of level two. Other factors these three students have in common are: Country of origin is Iraq; Native language is Arabic; All are eleven years of age; All have been in the USA for less than two years; They share the same culture and religion; None of the three wear the traditional head covering worn by other Muslim females; All girls have siblings attending the IWS and/or the Newcomers’ Program at Roosevelt High School. 2. Method The topic of the lesson we used to compare the Traditional Approach to the TPR Approach is identifying and naming the fifty states of the United States. The United States was divided into states east of the Mississippi River and states west of the Mississippi River. There are twenty-six states to the east and twenty-four states to the west. Students were given a pre-assessment to determine how many of the fifty states could be properly placed on a blank map of the United States of America. The objective of the first lesson was that students would learn the states west of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the western portion of the USA. The first approach used was the Traditional Approach. This method included lecture, work sheets, paper pencil task, coloring activity, rote memorization, and use of a transparency on the overhead projector. Instruction was teacher-centered with whole group. Students were grouped in proximity, but not encouraged to work together in pairs or small groups. After using the Traditional Approach students were given a post assessment of the western states. ************************************************************************ The objective of the second lesson was that students would learn the states east of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the eastern portion of the USA. The students were instructed using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach. This instructional method involves activities using physical or kinesthetic movement. A teacher-made floor map of the United States was used. Students gathered around the map. The classroom teacher and researcher modeled the activity first. A command was given by the researcher to the classroom teacher. â€Å"Place your left hand on Alabama and your right leg on New York. † Then a command was given by the classroom teacher to the researcher. â€Å"Locate North Carolina. Now stand on the state that is immediately south of it. † The students then began to take turns following the command given by the researcher. After a while the students were instructed to give the command to their classmates. This was repeated until each student had a chance to stand on the map. The game was then revised and became competitive. Two students stood on opposite sides of the map on the floor. A state is called out and the goal is to be the first to step on the state and stand on it. All students had a turn either stepping on the map or giving the command. Students eventually began using the entire map for this activity. After using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach students were given a post-assessment of the eastern states. . Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected based on the number of states that were correctly placed on the map for each of the tests: pre-assessment, all fifty states; post-assessment 1, western states; post-assessment 2, eastern states. Students’ individual growth was determined using the following data: Student A: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct. This is her baseli ne for her previous knowledge. After Traditional Approach (TA): Post-assessment 1, 15/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 20/26 correct on eastern states. Student B: Pre-assessment, 5/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 11/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 correct on eastern states. Student C: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 13/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 on eastern states. Using this data and comparing the post-assessments to the pre-assessments it is clear that each student showed growth in the knowledge of the names and locations of the states on a map of the USA. The following are the rates of growth by percentage correct: Student A: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 63%; Comparison to baseline – 57% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 77%; Comparison to baseline – 71% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 14% using TPR. Student B: Baseline – 10%; Western states, TA – 46%; Comparison to baseline – 36% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 63% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 27% using TPR. Student C: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 54%; Comparison to baseline – 48% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 67% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 19% using TPR. 4. Conclusions The results of this case study, while limited due to number of subjects, are based on similarities of subjects, data collected and analyzed, and implies that the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach produce d a higher growth increase in student learning and SLA as compared to the Traditional Approach (TA). In teaching the location and names of the fifty states of the USA, all four domains of language were explored. The predicted outcome expectation was to conclude that the use of Total Physical Response (TPR) approach does enhance learning and growth in SLA of the ESOL students at a higher rate than the Traditional Approach (TA). This expectation was met. A suggestion for improvement in a follow-up study might be to give a post-test of all fifty United States to compare with the results of the pre-test, since all fifty states were used as the baseline of previous knowledge. 5.

Reading and Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading and Questions - Assignment Example In his publication, Feldman (2002) pointed out the precise definition of existential reflection. He derived the definition from the goal definitions of the research activity as being the part of authentically moving in a forward direction. It is characterized by making a strong structure of understanding of a teacher in a classroom set up and the illumination of assumptions with regard to an individual as a teacher. Also by clearly expounding light assumptions, hypothesis, theories and even some common myths found in the surrounding systems effecting teaching. In short, existentialism asserts our existence to have come before essence. This is to mean we first are then later we seek to find a definition of whom we are. Therefore, this existentialism tries to help individuals to realize the freedom they have to choose. Judging how existential action research is oriented, there exists a close relation to a critical approach to a research that considers critical issues especially when engaging an action. This research action is supported with proper pillars, which makes it a sensible approach. Some of the critical approach in this research action include; the constant search for ourselves that starts when we realize that we were thrown to existence’ and not particularly sure of when we came, hence; we wake up making discovery of ourselves. After this, the long journey of trying to find a sense the follows. Also, since action research acts in the confines of the system that the improvement and understanding of such practice situations is to be carried, it involves the researching of one’s own practices and hence makes a critical enquiry to be made public (Feldman, 2002). This explains how hard it is for an existentialist approach to action separate from the way a person acts and who that person is. This is explained in the way a teacher first has to question

How Executive Females Sustain their positions Research Paper

How Executive Females Sustain their positions - Research Paper Example Rather the fact is that women of European and American countries also face gender discrimination in almost all fields of life. In this paper, we will discuss the challenges that female executive face when trying to sustain their positions. The paper will also include the methods or techniques that females executives use to sustain their positions which they reach as the result of their commitment, hard work, and dedication. Challenges for Female Executives Female executives come across many challenges in their struggle towards reaching a higher position in the firm where they work (Wipperman, 2010). Their experience of gender discrimination starts even before they are actually hired for any particular position and continues till the last day of their job. For example, they face gender discrimination during recruitment process when HR executives prefer to hire male employees rather than females. The reason behind this is that HR executives consider male employees more productive and d edicated as compared to females employees. Therefore, most of the times they reject women’s job application at the earliest stages of recruitment without any logical reason. And even if a female gets a chance to work for some company, she faces discrimination at every stage of her progress towards higher ranks. For example, in cases where a female and a male employee are in the seniority list and the time occurs to promote one of them to the next rank, the HR department usually promotes the male candidate even when the performance of the female candidate is better than her male colleague. These examples show that female employees face severe discrimination at almost every stage of their job life. A very little percentage of women get the chance to attain higher positions in companies where they work (Francls & Penrose, 2011). Experiencing a male-dominated work culture and getting suitable promotions is not easy for female employees (Berneke & Strella, n.d.). Some of the main challenges that female executives face in sustaining their job positions include external male pressure, balancing work with family, and the need to show skills required for higher positions. Let us discuss these challenges in some detail, as well as the ways female executive employees overcome these challenges. External Male Pressure One of the main challenges that female executives face is the external make pressure. External male pressure refers to the overall male dominant job politics which is aimed towards bringing men forward in every job position. Although such politics is mainly played between male employees to snatch each other’s positions to reach higher ranks, but when a female employee reaches a top position by chance, then all efforts are geared towards getting the position back from that employee because the general perception in the minds of men is that higher positions are only for males and that women are not supposed to run organizational system. To deal wi th such situations, female executives usually show more commitment and dedication with their assigned roles in order to show that they are well-suited for their current positions, as well as to convince higher authorities that they can carry out their job responsibilities effectively. It has been noted that women at higher positions have more positive job attitude and are more sincere with the job work as compared to men. The reason behind this is that women are more caring and responsible by nature and when some big

Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Research Paper

Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Evolving Global Marketplace - Research Paper Example This paper declares that the increased rate of globalization throughout the world has created a dynamic in which decision-makers within international business must consider able to factors as a means of continuing to expand the markets in which they operate and generate an even higher level of profitability. Ultimately, even a cursory level of business analysis reveals the fact that a company which does not focus itself on development and expansion will ultimately collapse and become nonviable. As a direct interpretation of this, it is necessary for firms to be international in their scope and to continually attempt to broaden the overall level of consumers that they are able to engage with. As the paper stresses recognizing how to manage political risk while conducting international business is an essential element that managers should be able to comprehend and understand. Without this understanding managers will be at a disadvantage and will place themselves at risk and even in harm’s way if they are not careful. Political landscapes shape businesses that operate overseas. These landscapes must be navigated carefully and with ethics in mind. Strong core values will be essential to their success. An effective understanding of â€Å"political risk† can be effected through an appreciation of societal organization; specifically the means by which the rules of law, or lack thereof, define the way in which a given region might be represented.

Application Of Supercharging To Si Engines

Application Of Supercharging To Si Engines Enhancements in fuel consumption can be achieved through engine downsizing. However, it is essential to provide a corresponding increase in power in order to improve or maintain vehicle performance. This increase can be obtained through supercharging or turbocharging. Supercharging has the most visual impact of any high performance modification. Supercharging or turbocharging may help achieve engine downsizing that reduces relative value of losses at lower engines loads and vehicle weight, thereby decreasing road fuel consumption of a vehicle. By employing the appropriate motor-management, it is also possible to regulate the necessary full-load speed curve [1]. On the other hand, the danger of knocking or mixing auto-ignition restricts the optimum compression ratio established for the best efficiency. Furthermore, the optimum combination of spark advance and combustion ratio needs to be investigated particularly at low engine speed at which knocking often takes part. The driving power demand of a supercharger or the exhaust back pressure exerted by a turbine is likely to compensate for the efficiency benefits from engine downsizing in strong reliance on the system of boost pressure control. In essence, it is important because it allows for the reduction in the engine speed at maximum torque. Thus, such multi-parametric optimization is not generally provided by experiments since the process is too time-consuming and too expensive [2]. The most appropriate way is to simulate a virtual-engine into some basic experiments employed for initial calibration of engine model and eventually for confirming the optimum results by checking the vicinity o f simulation-predicted optimum matching. This simulation offers a useful tool to compare between different boost pressure control factors within rapid or quasi-steady change operation parameters [1]. Toward that end, a supercharger is said to be an air compressor that is extensively used for performing forced induction of an internal combustion engine. Moreover, the higher mass flow-rate The application of supercharging to SI engines offers more oxygen for supporting combustion than the naturally-aspirated engine that lets more amount of fuel to be supplied and more work to be performed per cycle, thereby increasing the overall power output of the engine. In essence, a supercharger is powered mechanically by a gear, belt, chain or shaft attached to the engineà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s crankshaft. A Supercharger can also be powered by an exhaust gas turbine. Furthermore, a turbine-driven supercharger is termed as a turbosupercharger or a turbocharger. And the term supercharging relates to any pump that is driven directly by the engine, as against turbochargers that are driven by the pressure exerted by the exhaust gases [1]. 2. Types of superchargers with respect to the method of compression: Dynamic compressors: Dynamic compressors depend on accelerating the air to high speed and then interchanging that velocity for pressure by slowing down or diffusing. Main types of dynamic compressors are Centrifugal, pressure wave supercharger and multi-stage axial à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬flow. 2.2 Positive displacement: Positive displacement pumps are responsible for delivering a nearly-fixed volume of air per revolution at all speeds. The device separates the air mechanically into distinct parcels to deliver it to the engine mechanically moving the air into the engine gradually. Main kinds of positive-displacement pumps are roots, sliding vane, Wankel engine, scroll-type supercharger, piston, and Lysholm screw [3]. Positive displacement pumps are again categorized into internal and external compression types. Moreover, roots superchargers are mainly external compression only. External compression is for pumps that transfer air at enclosed pressure into the engine. If the engine runs under boost conditions, the pressure at the intake manifold is greater than the one coming from the The application of supercharging to SI engines This results in a backflow originating from the engine into the supercharger until both reach equilibrium. And this backflow actually causes compression of the incoming gas [4]. Internal compression on the other hand refers to the compression of air inside the supercharger itself, which is already at boost level, can be transmitted smoothly to the engine without any backflow occurring. Internal compression is much more efficient and effective than backflow compression and allows for greater efficiency to be obtained. Furthermore, internal compression pumps usually employ a fixed internal compression ratio. That is, when the boost pressure equals the compression pressure in the supercharger, the backflow becomes zero. However, if the boost pressure becomes higher than that compression pressure, backflow may still occur similar to the roots blower [4]. 3. Supercharger drive types: Superchargers are also defined according to their method of drive, i.e. whether turbine or mechanical. 3.1 Exhaust gas turbines: Radial turbine. Axial turbine. 3.2 Mechanical: Belts (Flat belt, V-belt, Synchronous belt). Gear drive. Direct drive. Chain drive. The application of supercharging to SI engines Practical mechanical supercharging pumps are classified into: Sliding vane compressors. Centrifugal compressors. Rotary compressors. Sliding vane compressors and Rotary compressors are the positive displacement compressors. Centrifugal compressors are aerodynamic compressors [5]. Sliding vane compressors consist of deep slots that are cut into the rotor in order to accommodate thin vanes that are free to move radially. The rotor is placed eccentrically in the entire housing. With every rotation of the rotor, the centrifugal forces exerted on the vanes drive them outward against the housing, and divide the crescent-shape space into various compartments. Furthermore, ambient or enclosed air is drawn through the intake port into every compartment with the volume increasing to reach its maximum. Then, the trapped air is compressed whenever the compartment volume reduces, and is further discharged through the outlet port. Moreover, the flow capacity of the sliding vane compressor relies on the maximum induction volume that is determined by the bore of the housing cylinder, rotor length and diameter, number of vanes, eccentricity, and the dimensions of the intake and outlet ports. Also, the actual pressure and flow rate rise at constant speed will decrease due to l eakage, the heat transfer from the vanes and rotors in motion and the stator surfaces will decrease compression efficiency except when cooling is used for removing the thermal energy produced by friction at the vanes, the rotor and the stator [5]. The roots blower is an alternative positive displacement supercharger. It consists of two rotors connected by gears. The working of roots blower follows transmission of air trapped in the recesses between the rotor lobes and the main housing, towards the delivery port without any The application of supercharging to SI engines substantial change in volume. When these recesses open to the delivery ports, as the suction side is closed, the trapped air is compressed by the backflow generated at the higher-pressure delivery line. This sporadic and abrupt delivery generates non-uniform torque on rotor as well as pressure pulses at the delivery line. Moreover, the volumetric efficiency relies on the rotor length, rotational speed, pressure ratio and the running clearances [3]. A performance map of a distinctive small roots blower is demonstrated in Figure [1]. It is almost same as that of the sliding vane compressor. Figure [1]: A performance map of a distinctive small roots blower [3]. Furthermore, the flow rate is dependent on increasing pressure ratio, at constant speed, only via the resulting decrease in volumetric efficiency. In essence, screw compressor need to be precision machines to obtain close tolerance between stationary and rotating elements for acceptable operation. Moreover, they operate at speeds ranging from 3000 rev/min to 30,000 rev/min. Generally, it is essential to cool the rotors internally, and high values of isentropic and volumetric efficiency are claimed [6]. The application of supercharging to SI engines A centrifugal compressor is mainly used to boost inlet air or the mixture density that is coupled with an exhaust-driven turbine within a turbocharger. This compressor is single-stage radial flow device, most suitable for the high mass flow rates at the comparatively low pressure ratios needed by the engine. In order to operate effectively, it should rotate at high angular speed. Therefore, it is better suited to direct coupling to the exhaust-driven turbine of the turbocharger rather than to mechanical coupling via a gearbox to the engine for mechanical supercharging. Essentially, the centrifugal compressor comprises of a stationary inlet casing, a stationary diffuser, a rotating bladed impellor, as well as a volute or collector for bringing the compressed air leaving the diffuser to the engine inlet system [6]. 4. Turbines: The turbocharger turbine is motored by the energy produced at the engine exhaust. The ideal energy consists of the blowdown work transfer generated by expansion of the gas within the cylinder at exhaust valve opening to atmospheric pressure and the work done by the piston that displaces the gases remaining in the cylinder after the blowdown occurs [1]. 5. Supercharging vs. Turbocharging: Similar to a supercharger, the purpose of a turbocharger is to enhance the mass of air inbound to the engine in order to create more power. A turbocharger, however, differs in that the compressor is driven by a turbine powered by the engines own exhaust gases [5]. Positive displacement superchargers absorb as much as one-third of the total crankshaft power driven from the engine, and is most supplications, are less effective than turbochargers. The application of supercharging to SI engines Significantly, in applications for which engine power and response are more crucial than any other factor, like the top-fuel dragsters, positive displacement superchargers are commonly used. The thermal efficiency or fraction of air/fuel energy converted to output power is less in a mechanically-powered supercharger than in a turbocharger, since turbochargers use energy from the exhaust gases that are normally wasted. As a result, both the economy as well as the power of a turbocharged engine is much better than with superchargers [3].

Hawthorne: An Inescapable Burden :: essays research papers fc

An Inescapable Burden   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A young boy’s parents did not get the opportunity to attend college and they divorced when he was only seven. His father was addicted to crack cocaine and his mother began to sell herself as a source of income. He was tossed back and forth between the two houses and used as a way for the two parents to get back at each other. As a result, this boy grew up to be a criminal and was thrown in jail for selling drugs for his father. This life of crime and debauchery was all that he knew. He constantly paid for the mistakes of his parents and his parents’ parents. This is a common event that has taken place in human society throughout time. Nathaniel Hawthorne recognized the fact that people have the burden of constantly dealing with the shortcomings and lack of opportunity that come with many mistakes that parents make. This theme and realization of Hawthorne’s is a prevalent theme in many of his stories. This theme and idea that one must pay for the mistakes of his o r her forefathers is displayed not only in Hawthorne’s own history but in his stories â€Å"Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter,† â€Å"The Birthmark,† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne had a family history which he was personally ashamed of. He was born in Salem Massachusetts in 1804 with the emotional burden of having a great-great grandfather that was the judge that presided over the Salem witch trials (Gollin 1). This man wrongfully convicted many women that were put to death as a result of his conviction. The blood of these women was on his hands and it was probably the thought in Hawthorne‘s mind that his ancestor did the devil’s work . This family history is most prominently displayed in his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† as Goodman faces similar internal conflict during his journey (Gray 90). Hawthorne thought that his sea captain father paid for these mistakes as he was killed on a voyage when Hawthorne was four years old (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† 259). Hawthorne could have conceived this idea directly from God’s own word. The Bible claims that God will inflict â€Å"punishment for their f ather’s wickedness on the children of those who hate [him] down to the third and fourth generation† (Exodus 20.5). Hawthorne’s own personal family history imbedded this theme in his own theologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This theme is displayed in Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"Dr.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Essay

The Allahabad Address by Allama Iqbal at the 25th session of All India Muslim League on December 19, 1930 spelled out the â€Å"Concept of Pakistan†.Here Allama Iqbal boldly presented the idea of a â€Å"separate homeland† for Indian Muslims. Jinnah, while admitting his efforts to foster Hindu-Muslim unity had fallen apart, remained fully sympathetic to serve the Indian Muslims. Allama Iqbal’s concept rapidly caught Jinnah’s attention. He returned to India in 1934 buoyant with highest levels of confidence and started to collect the Indian Muslims under   the singular banner of All India Muslim League. Jinnah and Allama Iqbal conferred regularly on strategic matters. Jinnah used Allama Iqbal’s concepts in his speeches. Under Jinnah’s wise leadership, the Muslim League expressed reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress grabbed the opportunity and contested the 1937 provincial elections. Consequently the Muslim League failed to win any majority. These events had a strong impact on Jinnah’s political perspectives. The British and Hindus had became power against the Muslims. The onus to rebuild Muslim majority came on the shoulders of Jinnah. The course of the events altered, in favor of Indian Muslims, when World War II erupted in September 1939. With Congress   demanding the British to â€Å"Quit India†, Viceroy asked Jinnah for expression of Muslim League’s position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. Jinnah informed Viceroy that Muslim League would be demanding India’s partition instead of federation contemplated in 1935 Act. Lahore Resolution, also known as â€Å"Pakistan Resolution†, was a formal political statement adopted by the All India Muslim League on 23rd March 1940, which called for the creation of â€Å"independent state†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ for Muslims in British India. Eventually,1940 Lahore Resolution picked up pace and became unified demand for a separate Muslim state, called Pakistan. Jinnah declared Muslims would campaign on single issue: â€Å"Pakistan†. He traveled all over India and aggressively campaigned for Pakistan. His message to every one was loud and clear:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us.† â€Å"This was Jinnah’s glorious hour. His arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified.† The 1945 election results appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent. These were testing times.Jinnah saw that indecisionand delays would only cause more bloodshed across Muslim-dominated areas. On 7 August Jinnah, with his sister Miss Fatima Jinnah and close aides, flew  from Delhi to Karachi and on August 11 presided   over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan. Jinnah addressed nation: â€Å"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed. This has nothing to do with the business of the State.† On August 14, 1947,â€Å"Islamic Republic of Pakistan†came into existence, 0.first country in the world to be founded on the basis of Islamic Ideology. As Pakistan’s first head of state, Quaid-e-Azam led by example. He worked day and night to formulate policies and consolidate the entire fabric of the new Islamic Republic. During his tenure, the founder of Pakistan proudly boasted that: â€Å"Pakistan is the Castle of Islam. Pakistan should one day serve as platform for renaissance of the Caliphate System across the Muslim world.† In vital public address, on occasion of first independence day of Pakistan, on August 14, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam advised the nation: â€Å"Nature has given you everything. You have got unlimited resources. Foundations of your state have been laid, and it is now for you to build, and build as quickly and as well as you can. So go ahead and I wish you God speed.†

product dumping Essay

product dumping Essay product dumping Essay NEW YORK TIMES â€Å"SCIENTIST AT WORK† BLOG EVALUATION A. STRUCTURE and ORGANIZATION: This section deals with the structure and organization of your blog. Fill in the following table: Name of Journal Scientist at Work Title of Blog How Coffee Affects Biodiversity Author(s) S. Amanda Caudill Dates Published November 18, 2011 Where is the author working? Costa Rica What is the author[s] university affiliation? doctoral student at the University of Rhode Island Who do you contact if you have questions? Her web page B. CONTENT: The following questions deal with the content of your blog. 1. What is the HYPOTHESIS being tested in your blog? The purpose of the this research was to evaluate the mammal biodiversity in coffee landscapes to find out which habitat are better and more important to mammals. And also to find suggestions that are best to provide whats good to enhance mammal's habitat. 2. What is the CONTROL in the experiment being conducted for your blog? The control in the experiment conducted in this blog was to evaluate mammal biodiversity by using a combination of direct and indirect sampling techniques. They used traps for their research. They tried to bait the traps by using a mixture of a mixture of peanut butter, vanilla, bananas, oats and seeds. Also for the indirect sampling , they used track plates and camera traps. Open boxes of the track plates contained bait at the end of it, contact paper in the middle, and copy toner was in the front. 3. In a sentence or two, explain how they tested their hypothesis? They placed 242 small mammal traps (for mouse-size animals) in the 500-by-500-meter site. Also they placed medium-size mammal traps (for animals like possums, raccoons and coatis) in the sites as well. Track plates were used to identify the species, so as they steps on the track plate to retrieve bait, it left paws prints or tracks. The cameras were set to take three pictures consecutively of mammals if any movement is detected within the line of sight. 4.

Free Essays on Mt. Vesuvius

For eight hundred years, Mt. Vesuvius, a volanco in what is now southern Italy, lay dormant. One clear August day in 79AD, however, it exploded with unbelievable force, darkening the sky and filling the air with flying rocks, poisonous gas and ash that swiftly buried the city of Pompeii and two other nearby towns. Ironically, the destruction of Pompeii by volcanic eruption also preserved it for later study. This research paper will examine what happened during the eruption of Mt Vesuvius and what has been discovered about daily life in the Roman Empire by systematic archaeological excavations. Pompeii was a beautiful and important city in the Roman Empire located in what is now Campania, Italy. It was about six miles from Mt. Vesuvius, and covered about 160 acres laid out like a modern city. Its population was about 20,000 people. It was important of Pompeii economically because it produced wine, fruit, and garam, a fish. (Burgan 15) Although no one knew it, the earthquake of 62 AD should have been a warning sign of later tragedy. Around February 5th the town felt the ground moving and trembling. They thought soon realized it was an earthquake. Buildings that were unstable were collapsing. The cistem at the Vesuvian Gate broke and cascades of water flooded into the town. The Temple of Jupiter was damaged, statues were crashed and many homes were wrecked. (Andrews 44) No one heeded the warnings that occurred shortly before the tragic eruption of August 24th. Pompeiians noticed some wells and springs were dry and thought gods were displeased with them. The people of Pompeii also felt mild tremons also August 20th, the sea boiled and the ground shook again. (Andrews 44) Mt. Vesuvius literally blew its top on the clear calm morning of August 24th. In high atmosphere particles of magma expanded and released poisonous gases. According to scientist Harald Sigurrdson, the eruption of Mt Vesuvius was one of the largest explosio... Free Essays on Mt. Vesuvius Free Essays on Mt. Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions ([CO.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]O-[CO.sub.2]) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 [degrees]C, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 [km.sup.3] was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal ... Free Essays on Mt. Vesuvius For eight hundred years, Mt. Vesuvius, a volanco in what is now southern Italy, lay dormant. One clear August day in 79AD, however, it exploded with unbelievable force, darkening the sky and filling the air with flying rocks, poisonous gas and ash that swiftly buried the city of Pompeii and two other nearby towns. Ironically, the destruction of Pompeii by volcanic eruption also preserved it for later study. This research paper will examine what happened during the eruption of Mt Vesuvius and what has been discovered about daily life in the Roman Empire by systematic archaeological excavations. Pompeii was a beautiful and important city in the Roman Empire located in what is now Campania, Italy. It was about six miles from Mt. Vesuvius, and covered about 160 acres laid out like a modern city. Its population was about 20,000 people. It was important of Pompeii economically because it produced wine, fruit, and garam, a fish. (Burgan 15) Although no one knew it, the earthquake of 62 AD should have been a warning sign of later tragedy. Around February 5th the town felt the ground moving and trembling. They thought soon realized it was an earthquake. Buildings that were unstable were collapsing. The cistem at the Vesuvian Gate broke and cascades of water flooded into the town. The Temple of Jupiter was damaged, statues were crashed and many homes were wrecked. (Andrews 44) No one heeded the warnings that occurred shortly before the tragic eruption of August 24th. Pompeiians noticed some wells and springs were dry and thought gods were displeased with them. The people of Pompeii also felt mild tremons also August 20th, the sea boiled and the ground shook again. (Andrews 44) Mt. Vesuvius literally blew its top on the clear calm morning of August 24th. In high atmosphere particles of magma expanded and released poisonous gases. According to scientist Harald Sigurrdson, the eruption of Mt Vesuvius was one of the largest explosio...

Research Data Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Data Memo - Essay Example It is calculated as: As we can see most of the variables have relationships with the price of the apartments. The price of the apartments is most strongly related to the number of bedrooms. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the correlation between price and the number of bedroom is 0.30 whereas the upper limit for the same is 0.61. The positive value of r indicates that the price increases as the number of bedrooms increase in the flat. As expected from intuition, the price is inversely related to the distance of the apartment from the town. As the distance from the town increases, the price of real estate decreases. Both the lower limit and the upper limit of 95% confidence interval of r is in the negative region. The number of pools is also inversely related to the price of real estate. The upper limit and lower limit of the correlation coefficient is both in the negative region which implies that in 95% of the samples, the two variables will have a negative relationship amongst them. The variable Township is positively related to the price of the real estate for the data set given. But, the lower limit of the correlation coefficient between the two variables is negative indicating that in certain data sets, the relationship between the two variables might be negative indicating that the price of the real estate decreases as the number of township increases. Possible reason for the same might be the increase in the congestion levels which may result with increased number of townships. Generally, Pearsons r coefficient is significant when it is higher than 0.2 with degrees of freedom 103 and p

Sex and Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sex and Marriage - Essay Example The essay "Sex and Marriage" demonstrates that the evidence from a significant subculture, the swingers, shows that the consensual physical infidelity, especially mutual, need not threaten the stability of marriage as long as respect, consideration, trust, and love remain. The popular notion is that if one engages in nonmonogamous sex outside the bounds of marriage one is being unfaithful to their partner. The assumption is that this is being done secretly without the consent or even knowledge of the partner. Hence, we have the term â€Å"cheating.† Under these circumstances, I would agree that it is an act of infidelity. I partly agree with the mainstream in the following respect. The person is being unfaithful not because of the nonmonogamous sex act per se, but because it is done secretly due to anticipated partner disapproval. Applying this definition of infidelity, any act, whether sexual or not, pursued secretly due to partner expected disapproval would be an unfaithful act since it is a breach of trust. But what if the partner is aware and agrees to participate jointly in monogamous sexual activity? I would submit there is no infidelity involved as there is no breach of trust. Although I would agree that Savage is stretching when he describes monogamous sex as a â€Å"need.† I would accept his view that it is a strong desire for many people. I concur with the notion that responsible nonmonogamy that is done safely with the knowledge and consent of the partner does not pose a threat to the institutions of marriage. and the family as claimed by mainstream culture. Swingers I base my argument on literature that shows that swingers have a lower divorce rate than the American population at large and also on my own personal observations of people in this significant subculture (Liberated Christians). Although swingers can include singles of both sexes, most are married or common law couples with children, ranging in age from 20s to 60s. They can be from all walks of life including the clergy. They tend to be middle and upper socioeconomic classes but, otherwise, are indistinguishable from the majority except for their open pursuit of non monogamous relationships. To me the chief characteristic separating swingers from non swingers is that the former draw a clear distinction between â€Å"sex† and â€Å"love†. My experience is that while group sex does indeed take place it is not as prevalent as non swingers believe nor it is the â€Å"be all and end all† of this lifestyle. While it is true that there is more emphasis on the physical erotic aspects of the sex act, this does not mean that friendship and affection are excluded. For example, while I can enjoy sex with a new partner, I do so even more with one I have gotten to know developed some feelings for. On the other hand, if I disliked my sexual partner I would not derive any pleasure having sex with her. Swingers have developed the theory of primary and secondary relationships to distinguish their relationships between their wife or long term partner and their â€Å"temporary† partners. If you are interested in a new partner but know that your