Transgender As A Social Problem Essay - 3514 Words

TRANSGENDER IN SPORTS The existence of those human beings who do not confirm to their gender has been documented throught human history .The term transgender is deeply rooted in Indian history, it has been an umbrella term. The problems that transgender are facing are more of a psychological rather than a social problem. They are still not accepted and recognized in the society. Transgender is a term for those people who do not fall either under male category or under female category. Transgender are usually defined as those â€Å"people relating to or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth.† Transgender are those who have a different gender identity than the gender they had at birth, their gender does not identifies with the gender role assigned to them. Sigment Freud in the Scheber case (1911) interpreted the term transgender as a conversion of homosexuality. The Berkeley Gender Equality Resource Centre defines a transgender as a person who defines mismatch of the sex that they were born as and the sex they identify as .These individuals’ internal identities usually do not match their sex that is assigned to them, at birth and they feel to correct their anatomy through hormonal use, genital reconstruction surgery and corrective surgery. For example, people who are born with a particular anatomy but they feel that they have been bornShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Transgender People Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesNo matter what everyone and every group of people has problems, but some have more or less, bigger or smaller problems it depends on the group. Transgender people are a group that has a bit more problems than some. Their biggest five problems being, their risk of being victims of homicide and suicide, Gender dysphoria, False information, People trying to act smarter than they are, and discrimination. These are the biggest problems for transgender people in general because they effect the most transRead MoreGender Identity And The Transgender Orientation1386 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors develop in later years. These roles are largely based on social experiences and inner feelings. Generally, the behaviors are consistent with the gender assigned at birth, however; there are some children who are cross-gendere d and show behaviors that are opposite to the sex assigned to them at birth (Pardo, 2008). Most of the transgender people identify their gender identity during adolescence, research studies suggest that transgender males and females go through a process of dissonance, explorationRead MoreThe Effects Of Minority Stress On Mental Health Within The Transgender Community Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this study was to prove how minority stress correlates with mental health within the transgender community. As defined by Meriam-Webster Dictionary, transgender â€Å"is relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). For example, male to female, or female to male. However, researchers in this study used the minority stress model, which suggestedRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage In Australi A Case Study1297 Words   |  6 Pagessame-sex marriage vote becomes a very hot issue in Australia. While the several topics related to LBTIQA+ group also attracts people’s attention. According to LGBTIQA+ Group (n.d.), the term LGBTIQA+ refers to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, asexual and other diverse sexual orientations and gender identities respectively. It is noted that in 2014 in Australia, there are nearly 11% of the whole population recognized them as having diverse sexual orientation or genderRead MoreAs Times Are Modernizing The Ideology That One Must Be1369 Words   |  6 Pages1999 there were very few H.R. transgender policies provided by US employers. As the years have gone by and almost twenty years later more and more Human Resource policies are being adopted and implemented in defense of not only those who in the lesbian or gay community, but for those with gender identity and/or expression that differs from that of an individual’s birth-specifically transgender to fight against discrimination and inequality in the workplace. Transgender issues are particularly importantRead MoreEssay Questions On Transgender Issues1517 Words   |  7 PagesBrainstorming Record Group Topic: Transgender Issues in Hamilton. Group Members: Victoria, Milica, Yasmeen Mickey Process Overview 2) a) We started to tackle this process by creating a concept map. Instantly we began talking about broader topics about Transgender issues, then we furthered researched more information about these broader topics, to get an understanding of which one we were most interested in. Finally, we took these broad topics and narrowed them into three individual sectionsRead MoreState University School Of Social Work Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesCLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK Changing Birth Certificate Sex Designations in Ohio ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Portia Colbert p.e.colbert@vikes.csuohio.edu (216)551-6529 PREPARED FOR: Governor: John Kasich 09/21/2016 SWK 300: SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY PROF. Dover 1. GOAL STATEMENT – To enhance Ohio law and equality among transgender people by allowing the amendment of legalRead MoreChallenges Throughout Their Transition Of Being Expected1535 Words   |  7 PagesTransgenders face several challenges throughout their transition of being expected. MacNish Gold-Peifer (2014) defined the term transgender as an umbrella term used to describe variations of gender identities derived from your expected birth gender and societies expectations of that gender. Growing Up LGBT in America, stated that 26% of LGBT youth reported that the biggest problem that they face is not feeling accepted by their family, bullying and other school troubles, and the fear of beingRead MoreWhat Does Transgender Mean? Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesConsidering the rise in different branches of civil rights, we see a neo wave of citizens wanting a fix to the social injustices within our country. Specifically for the LGBTQ movement, we see an increase of people being active and supportive to combat a patriarchal and gender binary society. For example, the recent yet, prevalent argument about same sex marriage. In addition to many people who died, were publicly humiliated, physically and or sexually abused because of their sexual preferences orRead MoreWhat Was The Aftermath Of The Provision? After Ab12661648 Words   |  7 Pagesplaced on the 2014 ballot in California. The second backlash occurred again in 2015. The same group filed the Personal Privacy Protection Act which would â€Å"Under the proposed act, people who feel their privacy in the bathroom has been violated by a transgender person would have the right to sue for no less than $4,000† (Garza). The act also requires that people use the bathroom that matches their birth sex and this includes bathrooms in public places and in government buildings. Norms Kristen Schilt

Stop Fight And End Cosmetic Testing On Animals - 1121 Words

Wayne Pacelle is the current President and CEO of The Humane Society of the United Sates, the initial text’s purpose is the desire to fight and end cosmetic testing on animals. In this particular blog the audience leans towards individuals who use any types of cosmetics such as makeup including lipsticks and as well as shampoo, I personally believe this blog is directed towards anyone who wears makeup cosmetics frequently. The audience is also aimed for the consumers, legislators, and companies around the globe. The context is definitely the web and Wayne Pacelle incorporated the information into a blog, all these specific elements definitely made the blog successful because as I am reading it I can relate to it as if the words he is writing are the words that I would have said myself, I guarantee this blog will relate to other individuals as well because majority of individuals do use cosmetic products and would love to know how exactly these products are being formulated. Su bsequently, every element concerning the communication that seems to be a choice is definitely the organization name at the top left corner of the web page, the editors of the blog made the organization name very large and they also made the letters white and very bold so that we as the readers would definitely see that first when clicking onto the web page. Second, below the organization name there are numerous links you can click on meaning if this blog intrigued you they have many other links thatShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Be Banned847 Words   |  4 Pagesareas on where people gather around and protest is when they’re fighting agents animals testing. As well as the years has pasted on protesting on animals, it became more sires in increased in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Many cosmetics companies been testing on animals throughout the years there is also many that have not. The cosmetics line LUSH has been fighting over animals testing for over thirty years and will continue to fight for their right according to the company. When LUSH had first started the companyRead MoreAnimal Testing Proposal Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has yet to stop this cruel practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing (â€Å"Animal Testing 101†). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are lockedRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Animal Welfare Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagespractice of testing and then murdering innocent animals for medical research and cosmetics is immoral. Public policy establishing the animal welfare movement began in Great Britain with the passage stating an act in 1835 to consolidate and amend the several laws relating to the cruelty and improper treatment of animals. In 1911 the Parliament passed the â€Å"Protection of Animals Act, and it is still enforced currently. This policy was established while permitting humans to use animals as test subjectsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animals863 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.† The way that people treat living organism shows how we may treat each other. Many people have different views on animals, some look at them as companions others see them as science projects. Each year 100 million animals are killed in U.S laboratories for medical training, cosmetic testing, and biology lessons. Animals are living organisms like everyone else and they have feelings too. There is noRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Laws Should Be Legal1550 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate the issue of animal testing along with the manufacturers whom participate, and provide information for both sides. I will start by presenting some basic animal cruelty laws. The Animal Legal Defense Fund maintains a database of criminal animal cruelty cases in the U.S. reported to our organization. In the last ten years, over 30% of cases that we have tracked involve animal neglect (Animals Neglect Facts). Animal cruelty includes some of the following, torturing an animal, failing to provideRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Rights1601 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal rights is the philosophy or idea that all animals should be able to live a life free from human exploitation pain and suffering. According to Gale † The idea of animal rights has roots in ancient times. In Greek philosophy, the animists believed that both animals and people had souls. The vitalists believed that humans were anima ls but at the top of the chain and could use animals for their benefit.† ( Animals Rights, par.2). In the early twentieth century in the United States, there wasRead MoreAre Animal Experiments For Cosmetic Research Necessary And Can They Be Justified?2647 Words   |  11 PagesAre animal experiments for cosmetic research necessary and can they be justified? Abstract: This report investigates animal is cosmetic testing. The introduction outlines the focus of this report, the history of animal testing and presenting relevant case studies to illustrate the issue. The discussion provides in depth information about animal testing by presenting two sides of the story. The conclusion will highlight the main points learned to help decide if animal experiments are, indeed, necessaryRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing2973 Words   |  12 Pagescabinet has been tested on an animal at one point or another. A government funded corporation called the Food and Drug Administration, abbreviated as the FDA, is in charge of making sure that all drugs, cosmetics, biological products, and more are efficient, secure, and safe for human usage. The FDA will not allow any drug to be released or sold to the human population if it has not first been tested on animals. In fact, when a drug is first created it is tested on animals before humans are even allowedRead MoreThe Evils of Cosmetic Animal Testing Essay2159 Words   |  9 PagesA lot of people buy cosmetic products being ignorant to the fact that, that one product has killed a lot of animals. How would you like being sprayed with poisonous liquids, taking poisonous eye drops?, or being fed toxic substances? Cosmetic factories have been doing these inhumane things and more to innocent animals for years. According to PETA, every year, millions of animals are poisoned and killed in barbaric tests that were crudely developed as long ago as the 1920s to evaluate the toxicityRead MoreThe Fight For Preserve Animal Independence3151 Words   |  13 PagesThe Fight to Preserve Animal Independence â€Å"Kindness and compassion towards all living things is a mark of a civilized society. Conversely, cruelty, whether it is directed against human beings or against animals, is not the exclusive province of any one culture or community of people† (Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez). Over the years, scientists have struggled to establish a technological way to ensure that their experiments are both safe and accurate. However, economic and political afflictions occurred during the

An Era of European Imperialism Free Essays

Unit 2: An Era of European Imperialism Imperialism has had its breadth in existence from a very long time ago, even before the Industrial Revolution. Industrialized countries pursed imperialism for many reasons. Imperialism is the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, which is based on domination and subordination. We will write a custom essay sample on An Era of European Imperialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although imperialism was in occurrence before the First and Second Revolution, it impacted the world in the time between these two revolutions. Europe was facing a new era of imperialism, and the First Industrial Revolution was only its way of beginning. The First Industrial Revolution was occurring from 1750 to 1850. This dramatically changed the economic and cultural conditions of the nation based on advances in agriculture, transportation, mining, and manufacturing. With the cottage industry’s advancement to a textile industry, there were mass productions of textile with the invention of the Spinning Jenny, and there were also migrations to urban centers. Coal was used as energy during this time. There was population growth throughout this period due to the vast productions, leading people to live longer. Moreover, the invention of the steam boat/ship, in the late 1700s improved travel drastically. The quicker and more reliable steam ships allowed Europe to exploit their colonies. They established colonies in Africa, India, China, the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and South America it was depended that they had a good resource in getting there. They were able to sell their manufactured products in the markets they had set up in these places. All these ideas/manufactures were contributions to not only the Second Industrial Revolution, but also on imperialism; which impacted the whole world. Furthermore, the Second Industrial Revolution occurred during the late 1800s to the early 1900s leading onto World War I. This revolution began with the movement of new inventions. Electricity, steel, petroleum, and chemicals were the main new advancements. Electricity replaced coal for energy, and was more efficient. Steel was the new iron, because it was much more durable and lighter, it was even better on the economy. Other inventions like the light bulb, radio waves, telephones, and the internal combustion engine rapidly spread throughout the world, leading to profit. Trade labor unions arose, as well as women and labor reforms. All these things were impacts on imperialism throughout the world. Warfare was also an impact on the Industrial Revolution. Technological advancements in warfare made conquering undeveloped countries very easy. This made their power and influence stronger. On the other side of the world, we had countries like China and Japan, which was kept, isolated from the world. These places did not want to adapt western influences because it would drive them from their cultural ways. In China, they were undergoing what was known as the Boxer Rebellion, which allowed the killing of outsiders who were bringing other influences to China. There was also the Opium War happening in Japan, which allowed the country to industrialize itself a bit. Because of industrialization, China and Japan were able to grow in ways they would have never achieved if they had never adapted western influences. Although imperialism was in occurrence before the First and Second Revolution, it impacted the world in the time between these two revolutions. Capitalism was a key concept that was used to make profit off of laborers that lived in industrialized areas. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Basically, this is an economical system based on all greed in money and power. Capitalism controlled the environment in the First and Second Industrial Revolution. The countries and companies that supported capitalism were eventually going to lead laborers to seek new opportunities and resources of growth. This would lead people to seek and explore new places. Exploration would cause taking advantage of other people, hence, imperialism. The times of the revolutions would lead to imperialism throughout the world because the industries were being operated by capitalism. How to cite An Era of European Imperialism, Essay examples

Virginia Mason Medical Center free essay sample

Virginia Mason Medical Center BY Lex0411 Virginia Mason Medical Center Case 1. What is Gary Kaplan trying to achieve at Virginia Mason? Dr. Gary Kaplan was trying to achieve change at Virginia Mason. He envisioned the transformation of Virginia Mason Medical Center into the quality leader in health care and sought to lead the organization toward this vision. When Dr. Kaplan Joined VMMC what attracted him to the medical field was a collaborative team approach and Virginia Masons unique culture that was created in the early 1900s. With time VMMC started to face challenges, competition was fierce and VMMC soon began to xperience financial troubles. In addition, its employees were unhappy and the staff morale around the hospital was declining. Kaplan noticed that change had to be made to the way VMMC ran its hospital. Kaplan proposed that VMMC follow Toyota Production System management method to restructure the way it ran its physicians, nurses and support staff. He felt that NMMCs goals were similar to Toyota, especially putting the customer/patient first, focus on quality and safety, and a commitment to employees. Kaplan was trying to achieve this change while keeping the unique culture that VMMC began with so many years ago. 2. How does the Toyota Production System fit into his strategy? Dr. Kaplan and executives at VMMC had created a strategic plan focused on becoming the quality leader in healthcare; however he lacked a system to achieve this goal. Kaplan felt the Toyota Production System (TPS) was an appropriate match for the VMMC because of the similarities in goals that they both shared and desire to achieve them. VMMCs new vision aligned with Toyota model including its priorities of putting the patient/customer first, along with satisfying quality, safety and its employees. Traditionally, VMMC had taken cost savings approaches by consolidated less rofitable business lines (obstetrics, mental health) and reducing academic spending (travel, research time). Kaplan felt these activities were putting academics to the wayside. He sought to apply TPS for other cost savings opportunities such Just in Time OIT) production. Similarly, he felt the detection of abnormalities in the production process could be applied to patient care. TPS was not the first production model to be imported into the health-care delivery organizations. For decades hospitals had tried several management models drawn from production industries such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma. VMMC has previously utilized TQM in the 1990s, but the concepts had failed to gain traction. Value-stream mapping would give him a better idea of the gaps in VMMCs work flow. Value-stream mapping would encompass patient check-in, visits, inventory and flow of equipment. Kaplan felt that by starting with the value-stream mapping it would set the base for the implementation of Virginia Mason Production System. By applying the plan of action that TPS used and modifying it to fit VMMC, within the year Kaplan started to see positive results from the various strategies that were exercised. 3. What is your view of the people are not cars debate? We agree with the statement that people are not cars and that each patient is unique when it comes to diseases, treatments, and personal emotions. With that being said, when a new process or system is in place some people have difficulties adjusting to change, they tend to look at the negative vs. the positive outcomes that can be achieved from a new model/process such as VMPS. Also, people tend to want change to take place immediately and that is not always the case. When something new is being implemented it will most likely take some time to reap the benefits. We believe that there are tangible benefits can be realized through the adaptation of the TPS model. Opponents argue the TPS system Jeopardizes their autonomy and clinical creativity. However, the system adapted from TPS, actually seeks to maximize patient outcomes through the elimination of waste and efficiency improvements. In return freeing up more time for clinicians to spend with patients, families, or pursuing academic endeavors. 4. Is Kaplans approach transferable to other US hospitals? We believe that Kaplans approach is transferable to other US hospitals. Proven esults have been demonstrated especially for the oncology or cardiovascular units. I think that these two departments will seek the most benefits from Kaplans approach. This approach was already tried by The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and they saw benefits early on in the transition process. For instance, they applied TPS and they immediately saw a decrease in patient waiting time, patient registration, medical chart and having supplies available. If UPMC is able to switch to a manufacturing model, then any other US hospital will be able to do the same as ong as they are able to modify the process to their environment and culture. We believe VMMC was uniquely poised for success. The executives, board of directors, physician, and staff were willing to embrace change. VMMC was founded on the principles of teamwork to offer patients comprehensive medical care. To be replicated in other hospitals solid leadership and support must be obtained throughout the organization. A commitment to achieve the goal and belief in the strategic plan is essential. metrics. For example, the redesign of the physical layout for treatment rooms has ot only improved the patients view but also it created more space so that physicians and nurses are maximizing their travel time and communication.

Acient Greece the Two Superpowers, Athens and Sparta Essay Sample free essay sample

In ancient Greece there were two world powers. Athinais and Sparta. They coexisted in Greece with their ain span of power in Greece along with many Alliess. These world powers were both really good known for their power and besides their arrant differences. They. of class. had tensenesss between them due to differences in their ways of life. particularly their authoritiess. and the rivaling each other because they were both the best in their ain ways among all other Grecian poleis. Tensions continued to construct up and Athens was spread outing all over Greece and the paranoia of Sparta grew. Finally the Spartans’ paranoia was excessively great and was a major ground for the Peloponnesian War along with the fact they had really different authoritiess. Athens was a â€Å"progressive. democratic metropolis. † [ 1 ] The major stairss toward democracy were introduced by the reforms of the Athenian swayer. Solon. Although Solon had major impact on Athens’ authorities. We will write a custom essay sample on Acient Greece: the Two Superpowers, Athens and Sparta Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Athens was besides influenced by oppressive regulation because. throughout Grecian history. Athens was ruled by archons. A major portion of Athenian authorities was the Council of the Areopagus. They. the Areopagus. were one time the â€Å"central regulating organic structure of Athens. † [ 2 ] but by the clip of the Peloponnesian war they were reduced to holding control of seeking condemnable instances. One important power that they held was that they were the lone 1s able to show any affairs to the Assembly. The council members of the Areopagus consisted of work forces that were elected by the Assembly. [ 3 ] The assembly was the â€Å"sole legislative organic structure and exercised control over disposal and court. † [ 4 ] Any citizen was allowed to do suggestions every bit long as they were non traversing any lines. The Assembly consisted of work forces that had to be 18 old ages of age. If the assembly did non give permission for a new jurisprudence. it would non be able to go an official jurisprudence until approved by the Assembly. Sparta. unlike Athens. was a â€Å"conservative. even reactionist. oligarchy. † [ 5 ] Similar to the Council of the Areopagus. Sparta had the Council of the Elders. besides known as the Gerousia. The Gerousia was made up of two male monarchs that reigned over Sparta and 20 blue bloods who were required to be over the age of 60 old ages. The blue bloods were chosen by citizens. which showed some sort of democracy in the Spartan authorities. A group in Sparta that may hold been even more important the Gerousia and the assembly. was the Ephorate. They consisted of five Spartan work forces who â€Å"practically guided all facets of Spartan life. † [ 6 ] They had regulation over the military and. like the President of the United States. they had the power of blackballing anything proposed by either the Gerousia or the Assembly. Spartan kids were. fundamentally. the belongings of the province. The babes were observed by the Gerousia to see if they were fit to be Spartan citizens. If a babe was non fit to be a Spartan citizen. he was to be left outside on a mountain to decease. If a babe was found fit. he was left to be raised by the parents until the 6th or 7th twelvemonth of his life. When the male child turned seven he would hold to go forth his place and start school with other Spartan male childs until they were twenty old ages old. The schooling was highly rigorous and taught the male childs subject. [ 7 ] As Spartan work forces finished their preparation at the age of 20. they were still required to eat at a communal muss. When the work forces reached the age of 30 they were allowed to get down a household and have a place of their ain. Even though the work forces were able to hold their ain places and have a household. they were all required to eat at a communal muss. [ 8 ] Similar to Spartan work forces. the adult females were besides required to take portion in physical preparation. The Spartans believed that if the adult female was physically fit that she would be able to give birth to a kid who is besides strong and wellness. [ 9 ] Unlike anyplace else in Greece. Spartan adult females exercised much more freedom than those in other provinces. The adult females of Sparta were taught to read and compose as opposed to Athenian adult females. It was looked down upon in Athens to learn a adult female to read and compose. Athenian adult female were besides able to command her ain belongings and even take over her husband’s estate while he was at war. [ 10 ] Women in Sparta were much more equal to work forces than the adult females in Athens. There were major differences in the general ways of life between the two world powers. but the major difference was their authoritiess. Spartans regulations over a huge population of non-Spartan citizens. They maintained order by prohibiting Spartan citizens to take part in trade but they. in bend. were â€Å"supported by the labour of the serfs. while commercialism was in the manus of dependent Alliess. † [ 11 ] The Athenians had more democratic and free ways of managing their province. An interesting and really democratic attack that Athenians had was the council of 500. The council of 500 consisted of 100 members of each folk and they held meetings that would discourse public policy. This system gave every citizen some sort of satisfaction that they were able to hold a say in how things were to travel. [ 12 ] The Spartans would non allow a imperfect. democratic province like Athens take control of Sparta and force upon them a democratic authorities and free the oligarchy that the Spartans’ authorities was based on. The Spartans believed in rigorous military preparation. which shows why they would neer let Athens regulation over them. The Athenians were non about militaristic lives and subject. Athenians enjoyed the humanistic disciplines. such as theatre and comfort life. The Spartans did non back up. what Americans refer to every bit. power of the people. They believed that it was a unsafe sort of authorities system. [ 13 ] They were convinced that their manner of life was the right manner and gave them Security. Their oligarchy gave them the comfort that they had control of the province and that neighbouring people. the Helots. were capable to the Spartans and there was order within the oligarchy. They merely would non accept a reform of democracy in their land and were willing t o contend for it every bit shortly as they felt adequate menace. in which they did. After the Persian War. where Athens and Sparta had important functions in conveying down the Persians. tensenesss between the two provinces grew over clip. [ 14 ] The success of Athens was doing Athens to go more imperialistic in its ends. Thucydides stated that â€Å"the two sides were at the really tallness of their power†¦ and the remainder of the Hellenic universe was committed to one side or the other. † [ 15 ] This would that the ground that the Spartans feared the Athens’ turning imperialism because the Athenians were non leting other Grecian poleis to regulate themselves and make up ones mind how they would manage affairs in their ain provinces. Thucydides seemed to be deducing that the Spartans invaded Athens because â€Å"they feared the Athenians lest they might turn still more powerful. seeing most of Greece was already capable to them. † [ 16 ] Of class. if the Spartans did non take to step in and war against Athens they would lose their Alliess and finally their manner of life to the Athenians who were seeking to change over the remainder of Greece and other districts to democracy. There was competition among Sparta and Athens. This was inevitable because these two super powers controlled most of Greece. Warfare was to go inevitable unless either Athens or Sparta decided to subject to the other. Neither one was willing to make such a thing. particularly Sparta with their powerful ground forces. â€Å"Rightly or wrongly. the combat was assumed to be a concluding arbiter of the contrasting values of each. Which would turn out to be the more feasible political orientation: cultural liberalism or a tough. insular conservativism? Does an unfastened society reap military advantages from its liberalness or succumb to a licence terra incognita in a regimented and militaristic oligarchy? And who is the most resourceful in an asymmetrical war when both sides either can non or will non confront each other in conventional conflict: the ships of a ‘whale’ like imperial Athens or the heavy ground forcess of the ‘elephant’ Sparta? † [ 17 ] The Spartans and Athens both believed themselves to be figure one states in Greece. The fright to be inferior to the Athenians is displayed by the Peloponnesian War because. although. Sparta could hold made peace. it made the determination to come in war with Athens. Sparta was known to hold the best ground forces in Greece and so they would non stand to lose that rubric against the Athenians who were beleaguering provinces all over Greece and presenting as a menace to the Spartan manner of life in the Peloponnese. The fright of non being superior was non the lone drive fright for war againstAthinais. but Athens’ hungriness for democracy abroad created the stepping rocks toward war. The Athenians started to â€Å"combine its lecherousness for power with a extremist political orientation of support for democracy abroad. † [ 18 ] which convinced the Spartans that the Athenians would shortly pervert the â€Å"hearts and heads of Greeks everyplace. † [ 19 ] This exact realisation brought more paranoia and fright to Sparta and was another ground for Sparta to war against Athens. The Spartans had every ground to fear because their decision of Athens perverting Grecian heads was right. Athens had an highly strong democracy that would non fall easy. The influence of Athenian democracy had already spread through the Aegean and Asia Minor and the Spartans were to the full cognizant of this fact. [ 20 ] Not merely were abroad states being influenced with democracy. but oligarchs on Samos were crushed. This act of oppressing. at the clip. present oligarchs earnestly enraged Spartan leaders and built up the fright that the Spartans had because of Athens’ spread outing imperium. Another act of the Athenians was when they besieged Potidaea and so forced upon the province democratic authorities. The Spartans were â€Å"convinced that [ Athens ] represented a systematic and unsafe new aggression. † [ 21 ] A quotation mark from a Spartan shows the concern the Spartans felt about the enlargement of Athens’ democracy and power: â€Å"The long addresss of the Athenians I do non understand at all†¦ . Vote hence. Lacedaemonians. for war as the award of Sparta demand and do non let Athens to go excessively powerful. à ¢â‚¬  [ 22 ] No affair how small the Athenian action or words. the Spartans were non swayed. for they strongly believed that Athens was going wholly excessively influential and powerful for the good of Sparta. The fright that the Spartans felt from the Athenians boiled down to the issue of security for their manner of life. The war was waged because the Spartans felt that their security was at hazard to the Athenians who were going really imperialistic and coercing other provinces and districts to change over to a more Athenian manner of life. The Athenians’ power worried the Spartans and the Spartans had every ground to worry. The Athenians were top notch and it would be hard to attend them if they waited to hanker to move because provinces around Sparta were already being besieged. The sheer difference of positions and authorities was a major lending factor to why the Spartans refused the imperialistic conquering of Athens. They saw how the Athenians were so powerful throughout the old ages and even how they threw out the original ways in neighbouring provinces to reform to a democratic authorities as their ain. These major differences between the oligarchic Spartans and the democratic Athenians and the Spartans’ fright of the turning power of the Athenians baleful Spartan security caused the Peloponnesian war. Bibliography Ancient Grecian Civilizations: Sparta. ( November 20. 2009 ) .Ancient Grecian Civilizations: Spartan Women. ( November 20. 2009 ) . Bagnall. Nigel. The Peloponnesian War: Athinais. Sparta. and the Struggle for Greece. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2006. Blackwell. Christopher W. The Council of the Areopagus. The Stoa: A Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities. ( January 26. 2006 ) . Hanson. Victor Davis. A War Like No Other. New York: Random House Inc. . 2005. Sansone. David. Ancient Grecian Civilization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. Tsoukalidis. Edward. Sparta: Journal of Ancient Spartan and Greek History. Vol. 3. No. 1. ( January 2007 ) . ———————–[ 1 ] David Sansone. Ancient Grecian Civilization ( Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009 ) . p. 123. [ 2 ] Christopher W. Blackwell. â€Å"The Council of the Areopagus† ( The Stoa: A Consortium for Electronic Publication in the Humanities. 2003 ) . p. 1. [ 3 ] Nigel Bagnall. The Peloponnesian War: Athinais. Sparta. and the Struggle for Greece ( New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2006 ) p. 62. [ 4 ] Bagnall. p. 63. [ 5 ] Bagnall. p. 64.[ 6 ] Ancient Greek Civilizations: Sparta ( November 20. 2009 ) . p. 1. [ 7 ] Bagnall. p. 65.[ 8 ] Sansone. p. 128.[ 9 ] Sansone. p. 128-129.[ 10 ] Ancient Greek Civilizations: Spartan Women ( November 20. 2009 ) . p. 1.[ 11 ] Sansone. p. 128.[ 12 ] Sansone. p. 134-135.[ 13 ] Victor Davis Hanson. A War Like No Other ( New York: Random House. Inc. . 2005 ) . p. 14. [ 14 ] Sansone. p. 123.[ 15 ] Edward Tsoukalidis. Sparta: Journal of Ancient Spartan and Greek History. Vol. 3. No. 1. ( January 2007 ) . p. 23. [ 16 ] Hanson. p. 12.[ 17 ] Hanson. p. 6.[ 18 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 19 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 20 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 21 ] Hanson. p. 13.[ 22 ] Hanson. p. 15.

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essays Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Carrie Collins Donnie Harris Rosemary Sullivan TESL 5230 – SLA October 14, 2010 Case Study Outline Case Study Outline 1. Introduction Does TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) enhance student learning and growth in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) when used with Middle School students of English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) when teaching map skills? (Per Grade Level Expectation SS5 1. 4, 1. 5 a. Locate states of the United States) Purpose of Study In studying SLA we explored the benefits of various approaches that have been used over the years to teach a second language. For many years schools relied on a Traditional Approach when teaching almost every subject including a second language. By Traditional Approach we mean that the teacher lectures and shows new topics while the students sit quietly in their seats listening, repeating, memorizing, doing assignments, taking tests, and interacting very little with each other or the teacher. (Wikipedia. org) One of the newer approaches, TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE, introduced by James Asher in 1977, is based on the observations of children learning their first language. This involves use of the five senses along with body movements in activities designed to activate right-brain function. Asher believed that use of the right-brain, which includes much listening and acting, enables the needed processing of language in the left-brain. TPR also emphasizes fun, along with a more relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere in the classroom. (Brown, 2007) Past Research on Topic Asher, J. (2010). A new note about tpr. Proceedings of Project Coach, www. tpr-world. com Brown, H. D. (2007). Principals of anguage learning and teaching: fifth edition. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Krashen, S. (1998). Tpr: still a very good idea [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://ipisun. jpte. hu/-joe. novelty Mohammed, R. (2009, July 28). Total physical response [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://myenglishpages. com/blog/total-physical-response Renshaw, J. D. (2007). Total physical response. Retrieved from Onlineenglish. net Shearon, B. (2004). James asherâ€⠄¢s total physical response: a short introduction. www. c-english. com/files/tpr. df Tomlinson, B. Masuhara, H. (2009, July). Playing to learn: a review of physical games in second language acquisition. Simulation Gaming. 40(5), Retrieved from http://wwwsagepub. com/content/40/5/645. Traditional Education (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Traditional_education Subjects Our subjects were three sixth grade girls from the International Welcome School (IWS). They were recommended highly by their teacher, LaShonda Terry, because of their similar educational background experience, English proficiency and academic levels. According to their composite scores on the MAC II English proficiency screening test, given a year ago, all three placed at the basic beginner level. Their Student Academic Survey (SAS) indicated that all the girls have previously received formal education. On their most recent screening assessment for English proficiency, the WIDA ACCESS Plac ement Test (W-APT), all three students scored at the mid to high range of level two. Other factors these three students have in common are: Country of origin is Iraq; Native language is Arabic; All are eleven years of age; All have been in the USA for less than two years; They share the same culture and religion; None of the three wear the traditional head covering worn by other Muslim females; All girls have siblings attending the IWS and/or the Newcomers’ Program at Roosevelt High School. 2. Method The topic of the lesson we used to compare the Traditional Approach to the TPR Approach is identifying and naming the fifty states of the United States. The United States was divided into states east of the Mississippi River and states west of the Mississippi River. There are twenty-six states to the east and twenty-four states to the west. Students were given a pre-assessment to determine how many of the fifty states could be properly placed on a blank map of the United States of America. The objective of the first lesson was that students would learn the states west of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the western portion of the USA. The first approach used was the Traditional Approach. This method included lecture, work sheets, paper pencil task, coloring activity, rote memorization, and use of a transparency on the overhead projector. Instruction was teacher-centered with whole group. Students were grouped in proximity, but not encouraged to work together in pairs or small groups. After using the Traditional Approach students were given a post assessment of the western states. ************************************************************************ The objective of the second lesson was that students would learn the states east of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the eastern portion of the USA. The students were instructed using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach. This instructional method involves activities using physical or kinesthetic movement. A teacher-made floor map of the United States was used. Students gathered around the map. The classroom teacher and researcher modeled the activity first. A command was given by the researcher to the classroom teacher. â€Å"Place your left hand on Alabama and your right leg on New York. † Then a command was given by the classroom teacher to the researcher. â€Å"Locate North Carolina. Now stand on the state that is immediately south of it. † The students then began to take turns following the command given by the researcher. After a while the students were instructed to give the command to their classmates. This was repeated until each student had a chance to stand on the map. The game was then revised and became competitive. Two students stood on opposite sides of the map on the floor. A state is called out and the goal is to be the first to step on the state and stand on it. All students had a turn either stepping on the map or giving the command. Students eventually began using the entire map for this activity. After using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach students were given a post-assessment of the eastern states. . Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected based on the number of states that were correctly placed on the map for each of the tests: pre-assessment, all fifty states; post-assessment 1, western states; post-assessment 2, eastern states. Students’ individual growth was determined using the following data: Student A: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct. This is her baseli ne for her previous knowledge. After Traditional Approach (TA): Post-assessment 1, 15/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 20/26 correct on eastern states. Student B: Pre-assessment, 5/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 11/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 correct on eastern states. Student C: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 13/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 on eastern states. Using this data and comparing the post-assessments to the pre-assessments it is clear that each student showed growth in the knowledge of the names and locations of the states on a map of the USA. The following are the rates of growth by percentage correct: Student A: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 63%; Comparison to baseline – 57% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 77%; Comparison to baseline – 71% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 14% using TPR. Student B: Baseline – 10%; Western states, TA – 46%; Comparison to baseline – 36% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 63% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 27% using TPR. Student C: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 54%; Comparison to baseline – 48% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 67% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 19% using TPR. 4. Conclusions The results of this case study, while limited due to number of subjects, are based on similarities of subjects, data collected and analyzed, and implies that the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach produce d a higher growth increase in student learning and SLA as compared to the Traditional Approach (TA). In teaching the location and names of the fifty states of the USA, all four domains of language were explored. The predicted outcome expectation was to conclude that the use of Total Physical Response (TPR) approach does enhance learning and growth in SLA of the ESOL students at a higher rate than the Traditional Approach (TA). This expectation was met. A suggestion for improvement in a follow-up study might be to give a post-test of all fifty United States to compare with the results of the pre-test, since all fifty states were used as the baseline of previous knowledge. 5.

Reading and Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading and Questions - Assignment Example In his publication, Feldman (2002) pointed out the precise definition of existential reflection. He derived the definition from the goal definitions of the research activity as being the part of authentically moving in a forward direction. It is characterized by making a strong structure of understanding of a teacher in a classroom set up and the illumination of assumptions with regard to an individual as a teacher. Also by clearly expounding light assumptions, hypothesis, theories and even some common myths found in the surrounding systems effecting teaching. In short, existentialism asserts our existence to have come before essence. This is to mean we first are then later we seek to find a definition of whom we are. Therefore, this existentialism tries to help individuals to realize the freedom they have to choose. Judging how existential action research is oriented, there exists a close relation to a critical approach to a research that considers critical issues especially when engaging an action. This research action is supported with proper pillars, which makes it a sensible approach. Some of the critical approach in this research action include; the constant search for ourselves that starts when we realize that we were thrown to existence’ and not particularly sure of when we came, hence; we wake up making discovery of ourselves. After this, the long journey of trying to find a sense the follows. Also, since action research acts in the confines of the system that the improvement and understanding of such practice situations is to be carried, it involves the researching of one’s own practices and hence makes a critical enquiry to be made public (Feldman, 2002). This explains how hard it is for an existentialist approach to action separate from the way a person acts and who that person is. This is explained in the way a teacher first has to question